1、Designation: E 2468 05Standard Practice forMetadata to Support Archived Data Management Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2468; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard practice describes a hierarchical outline ofsections and elements to be used in developing metadata tosupport archived
3、 data management systems. Specifically, thestandard establishes the names of metadata elements andcompound elements to be used in the metadata, the definitionsof these metadata elements and compound elements, andsuggested information about and examples of the values thatare to be provided for the me
4、tadata elements.1.2 The metadata to be developed using this standardincludes qualitative and quantitative data that is associated withan information system or information object for the purposes ofdescription, administration, legal requirements, technical func-tionality, use and usage, and preservat
5、ion. As such, it can bedifferentiated from other metadata in that it describes andprovides an interpretation of an organized collection of data,not a single data element.1.3 This standard is intended for use by those developing,managing, or maintaining an archived data management sys-tem. For exampl
6、e, public agencies can specify that thisstandard be used in the development of a metadata frameworkfor data archives. Data collectors and data processing interme-diaries may also use this standard to create metadata describingthe original collection conditions and intermediate processingsteps. The d
7、evelopment of metadata by data collectors and dataprocessing intermediaries can greatly assist in the developmentof comprehensive metadata by the data archive manager. Thestandard is intended for use by all levels of government and theprivate sector.1.4 This standard is applicable to various types o
8、f opera-tional data collected by intelligent transportation systems (ITS)and stored in an archived data management system. Similarly,the standard can also be used with other types of historicaltraffic and transportation data collected and stored in anarchived data management system.1.5 This standard
9、 does not specify the means by whichmetadata is to be organized in a computer system or in a datatransfer, nor the means by which metadata is to be transmitted,communicated, or presented to the user. Additionally, thestandard is not intended to reflect or imply a specific imple-mentation design. An
10、implementation design requires adaptingthe structure and form of the standard to meet specificapplication and environment requirements.1.6 This standard adopts with minimal changes the FederalGeographic Data Committees (FGDCs) existing ContentStandard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-19
11、98) as the recommended metadata framework for archiveddata management systems. The FGDC metadata standard waschosen as the framework because of its relevance and estab-lished reputation among the spatial data community. A benefitof using the FGDC standard is the widespread availability ofinformation
12、al resources and software tools to create, validate,and manage metadata (see http:/www.fgdc.gov/metadata/links/metalinks.html). Commentary and several examples areprovided in this standard to illustrate the use of the FGDCstandard in the ITS domain. The detail of the standard mayappear intimidating,
13、 but the examples in the Appendix illus-trate the relative simplicity of the standard when implemented.1.7 Users of this standard should note that several sectionsof the metadata standard (that is, Annex A3 and Annex A4)address spatial referencing documentation, which may not beapplicable to all dat
14、a archives. These spatial referencingsections are designated as mandatory-if-applicable, whichmeans that metadata is not required for these sections if spatialreferencing is not used. Annex A6, Distribution Information, isalso designated as mandatory-if-applicable and thus may not berequired.2. Refe
15、renced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle Pavement SystemsE 2259 Guide for Archiving and Retrieving IntelligentTransportation Systems-Generated Data2.2 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Stan-dards:1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E
16、17 on Vehicle-Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.54 onArchived Data User Service.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published January 2006.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
17、For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.ANSI INCITS 30-1997 (R2003) Representation of Calen-dar Date and Ord
18、inal Date for Information Interchange(formerly ANSI X3.30-1985, also formerly FIPS 4-1)3ANSI X3.43-1986 Representations of Local Time of Dayfor Information Interchange3ANSI X3.51-1975 Representations of Universal Time, Lo-cal Time Differentials, and United States Time ZoneReferences for Information
19、Interchange3ANSI INCITS 61-1986 (R2002) Representation of Geo-graphic Point Locations for Information Interchange (for-merly ANSI X3.61-1986 (R1997), also formerly FIPS70-1)32.3 Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) Stan-dard:FGDC-STD-001-1998 Content Standard for DigitalGeospatial Metadata, Vers
20、ion 2.02.4 Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS):FIPS PUB 4-1 (1988) Representation for Calendar Date andOrdinal Date for Information InterchangeFIPS PUB 55-3 (1994) Codes for Named Populated Places,Primary County Divisions, and Other Locational Entitiesof the United States, Puerto Rico, a
21、nd the Outlying AreasFIPS PUB 70-1 (1986) Representation of Geographic PointLocations for Information InterchangeFIPS PUB 173-1 (1994) Spatial Data Transfer Standard(STDS)2.5 Department of Defense:MIL-STD-600006 (1992) Vector Product Format (VPF)MIL-A-89007 (1989) ARC Digitized Raster Graphics(ADRG)
22、2.6 International Organization for Standardization (ISO):ISO 19115 (2003) Geographic InformationMetadata3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 archived data management subsystem, na sub-system of the National ITS Architecture that provides a meansfor several organizations to collect, store, and subsequ
23、ently,analyze and retrieve data from ITS data sources, usually byway of one or more ITS centers.3.1.2 archived data management system, nthis is a spe-cific implementation of an archived data management sub-system within the context of a local, regional, or statewide ITSarchitecture.3.1.3 attribute,
24、na defined property or characteristic; sub-set of an entity. In common terms, an attribute is typically acolumn in a relational database or a property in an object-oriented environment.3.1.4 before the common era, nsometimes abbreviatedBCE, the period preceding a year near the birth of Jesus,coincid
25、ing with the period from 1 BC and earlier. It issynonymous with the period called before the Christian era andis sometimes used as a religiously neutral alternative to it.3.1.5 catalog, na structured description of data beingstored or transferred in data flows as described in the NationalITS Archite
26、cture.3.1.6 common era, nsometimes abbreviated CE, the pe-riod beginning with a year near the birth of Jesus, coincidingwith the period from AD 1 onwards. It is synonymous with theperiod called the Christian era and is sometimes used as areligiously neutral alternative to it.3.1.7 compound element,
27、na group or combination ofgroups of metadata elements. All compound elements aredescribed by metadata elements, either directly or throughintermediate compound elements. Compound elements repre-sent higher-level concepts that cannot be represented byindividual metadata elements.3.1.8 data processing
28、 intermediary, na person or entitywho transforms and supplies data that they did not directlycollect themselves.3.1.9 data set, na logical collection of data that supportsa user function; could include one or more data tables, files, orsources.3.1.10 entity, nan existing or real thing. In relation t
29、o adatabase, an entity is a single person, place, or thing aboutwhich data can be stored. In common terms, an entity can berepresented by one or more tables in a relational database or anobject in an object-oriented environment.3.1.11 metadata, ndata about data, or more precisely,definitional and de
30、scriptive data that provides informationabout or documentation of other data managed within anapplication or environment.3.1.12 metadata element, na logically primitive item ofmetadata that forms the basic building block for this metadatastandard.3.1.13 National ITS Architecture, na document prepare
31、dthrough the sponsorship of the U.S. DOT that provides acommon structure for the design of intelligent transportationsystems giving a framework around which multiple designapproaches can be developed by defining: (a) the functions thatmust be performed to implement a given user service; (b) thephysi
32、cal entities or subsystems where these functions reside;(c) the interfaces/information flows between the physicalsubsystems; and (d) the communication requirements for theinformation flows.3.1.14 production rules, na standardized method of illus-trating how metadata elements and compound elements ar
33、ecombined into a defined hierarchical metadata structure. Pro-duction rules also illustrate the optionality and repeating natureof metadata elements and compound elements.3.2 Additional terms included in this standard but notdefined here may be found in the glossary for the existingFGDC metadata sta
34、ndard at the following address: http:/geology.usgs.gov/tools/metadata/standard/glossary.html. Manyof the terms in the FGDC glossary are from FIPS 173 (SpatialData Transfer Standard, or SDTS).4. Summary of Practice4.1 The seven basic sections included in this metadatacontent standard are shown in Fig
35、. 1 and summarized asfollows:3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.E24680524.1.1 Identification Information, or basic information aboutthe data set. For example, what is the name of the data set?Who developed the data set? What geo
36、graphic area does itcover? What themes of information does it cover? How currentare the data? Are there restrictions on accessing or using thedata?4.1.2 Data Quality Information, or a general assessment ofthe quality of the data set. For example, how good are the data?Is information available that a
37、llows a user to decide if the dataare suitable for his or her purpose? What is the positional andattribute accuracy? Are the data complete? Were the consis-tency of the data verified? What data were used to create thedata set, and what processes were applied to these sources?4.1.3 Spatial Data Organ
38、ization Information, or the mecha-nism used to represent spatial information in the data set. Forexample, what spatial data model was used to encode thespatial data? How many spatial objects are there? Are methodsother than coordinates, such as street addresses, used to encodelocations?4.1.4 Spatial
39、 Reference Information, or the description ofthe reference frame for, and the means to encode, coordinatesin the data set. For example, are coordinate locations encodedusing longitude and latitude? Is a map projection or gridsystem, such as the State Plane Coordinate System, used? Whathorizontal and
40、 vertical datums are used? What parametersshould be used to convert the data to another coordinatesystem?4.1.5 Entity and Attribute Information, or details about theinformation content of the data set, including the entity types,their attributes, and the domains from which attribute valuesmay be ass
41、igned. For example, what geographic information(roads, houses, elevation, temperature, etc.) is included? Howis this information encoded? Were codes used? What do thecodes mean?4.1.6 Distribution Information, or information about thedistributor of and options for obtaining the data set. Forexample,
42、from whom can I obtain the data? What formats areavailable? What media are available? Are the data availableonline? What is the price of the data (if any)?4.1.7 Metadata Reference Information, or information onthe currentness of the metadata information and the responsibleparty. For example, when we
43、re the metadata compiled? Bywhom?4.2 This standard practice adopts with minimal change anexisting FGDC metadata standard to document data stored inarchived data management systems. This standard addressesthe three types of metadata as defined in Guide E 2259 andoutlined here:4.2.1 Archive Structure
44、Metadata, or descriptive data aboutthe structure of the data archive itself and of the data andinformation in the archive that facilitate use of the archive(Identification Information, Spatial Reference Information, En-tity and Attribute Information, and Distribution Information inthis standard).4.2
45、.2 Processing Documentation Metadata, or informationthat describes the processes applied to the data from originalsource data through to storage in an archived data management(Source: Adapted from FGDC Metadata Workbook Version 2.0)FIG. 1 FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial MetadataE2468053
46、system (Data Quality Information and Spatial Data Organiza-tion Information in this standard).4.2.3 Data Collection System Metadata, or data about theconditions and procedures under which original source datawere observed, surveyed, measured, gathered, collected, aswell as about the equipment that w
47、as used (Data QualityInformation, Entity and Attribute Information, and MetadataReference Information in this standard).4.3 This standard includes three additional sections that arereferenced by the other sections of the metadata standard.These last three sections are always used within other sectio
48、nsand are never used alone. The three sections are as follows:4.3.1 Citation Information, or the recommended referenceto be used for the data set.4.3.2 Time Period Information, or information about thedate and time of an event.4.3.3 Contact Information, or the identity of, and means tocommunicate wi
49、th, person(s) and organization(s) associatedwith the data set.4.4 Each of the seven basic sections of the metadata contentstandard has an optionality associated with it: mandatory,mandatory-if-applicable, and optional. Four of the seven sec-tions are mandatoryIdentification Information, Data QualityInformation, Entity and Attribute Information, and MetadataReference Informationand these four sections form what isconsidered the “core” for metadata that conform to thisstandard. The remaining three sections are mandatory-if-applicable.4.5 Within each of the seven ba
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