1、Designation: E 2514 06Standard Practice forPresentation Format of Elemental Cost Estimates,Summaries, and Analyses1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2514; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the concurrent use of relevantASTM standards for the preparation of elemental cost esti-mate
3、s, summaries, and analyses and specifically their presen-tation in a concise, consistent, and logical manner.1.2 While the style and directions use construction termsapplied to buildings, the principles apply equally well to otherforms of construction where appropriate elemental classifica-tions exi
4、st.1.3 This practice is not an estimating manual, nor is it aguide to the skills and knowledge required of an estimator orother cost professional.NOTE 1The skills and knowledge acquired by a trained and experi-enced estimator are essential to the successful application of any elementalpresentation f
5、ormat. They are the foundation of any estimate and theunderpinning knowledge required when applying the elemental technique.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE 1557 Classification for Building Elements and Rel
6、atedSiteworkUNIFORMAT IIE 1699 Practice for Performing Value Analysis (VA) ofBuildings and Building SystemsE 1804 Practice for Performing and Reporting Cost Analy-sis During the Design Phase of a ProjectE 1836 Classification for Building Floor Area Measure-ments for Facility ManagementE 2083 Classif
7、ication for Building Construction Field Re-quirements, and Office Overhead elements also provide a framework for consistentpreliminary description, outline, and performance specificationthrough all stages of planning, design, construction, andmaintenance.3.3 For additional guidance on certain other
8、terminologyrelated to estimates, budgets, cost plans, and cost models referto Appendix X1.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice covers the concurrent use of severalASTM standards that together form a valuable and triedframework for elemental cost presentation especially whenused for design stage c
9、onstruction cost estimating of buildings,and also:4.1.1 Identifies three arrangements, estimate, summary, andanalysis, of elemental cost presentation;4.1.2 Provides conventions for use in completing thesepresentations; and1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance
10、 of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 onBuilding Economics.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2006. Published February 2007.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
11、Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.1.3 Provides suggestions for some typical uses, includingreporting, error checking, chang
12、e tracking, and comparison,through the planning, design, construction and final archivalrecord stages common to all building projects.4.2 This practice is about arrangement, format, and presen-tation only. It is not an estimating manual and relates solely tothe presentation of elemental estimates or
13、 costs, or both, in avery specific format.4.3 For the purposes of this practice an estimate is deemedto be the whole corpus of measurement, description, andpricing detail that together make up the total sum. The twoformats referred to in this practice, elemental summary andelemental analysis, are ei
14、ther a summary arrangement or ananalysis arrangement of this underlying estimate detail. Theseformats represent a high-level presentation of the basic esti-mate. An elemental estimate is different in that there is nounderlying detail and so, in this case, the presentation is theestimate, using the e
15、lemental analysis format.5. Significance and Use5.1 Significance:5.1.1 The application of elements (see 3.2.2 and Terminol-ogy E 833) to the description and the summary and analysis ofbuilding construction cost provides a consistency, commonal-ity, and utility through all stages of design that other
16、 forms ofestimate presentation do not.5.1.2 This practice describes a simple format for elementalcost analysis presentation that is both valuable and informativewhen used during the various design stages of constructiondevelopment.5.2 UseUsers include owners, developers, contractors,cost professiona
17、ls, estimators, architects, engineers, quantitysurveyors, facility managers, and others involved in propertydevelopment, construction, maintenance, and management.5.2.1 ReportingCost reports structured by elements pro-vide estimates, summaries, and analyses by applying “Cost toFunction.” This applic
18、ation works whether the approach is“Design to Cost” or “Cost to Design.” Value analysis is greatlyassisted through the allocation of estimated cost to elements.5.2.2 ControllingComparison of progressively more de-tailed estimates is simplified where cost is allocated to appro-priate elements regardl
19、ess of design or specification, permittingefficient review and checking of new estimates. Design esti-mating using elements allows for benchmarking and the settingof cost limits (baseline) for a building design from the outset,and also permits the establishment of an elemental cost plan(see 3.2.1).
20、Baseline records and cost plans are accessed andcompared with current reports.5.2.3 RecordingHistoric and baseline cost records areeasily kept for all forms of building construction, and in aformat that can be used for the planning and design of futureprojects.5.2.4 Other UsesElemental summaries and
21、 analyses areequally useful in forensic estimating and in quantitative riskanalysis.5.2.5 Relationship to “Trade” EstimatingTraditionaltrade (or construction) estimating summarizes cost to a prod-uct, or trade classification. This is valuable when constructionwork has been fully specified or contrac
22、ted, but is less sothrough the planning and design stages. The two systems (tradeand elemental) are compatible in that they both relate to thesame end product, for example, a building; they differ solely inthe way cost is aggregated. Each estimate form can beconverted to the other by coding or alloc
23、ating each construc-tion component to an appropriate trade/product division orelement. During design evolution, changes in design andspecification can make trade estimates difficult to compare withprevious, and/or other, estimates and so can hinder the processof cost control during the design phase.
24、5.2.6 Additional Narrative InformationWhile costs pre-sented in these formats are descriptive in themselves they donot tell the full story of a projects design. Narrative descriptionof the construction work should also be an integral part of anycomplete presentation. Reference and description of thi
25、s nar-rative form can be found in Practice E 1804, and in Classifi-cation E 1557 Appendix X3Preliminary Project Description(PPD).5.3 A detailed description of the presentation formats nowfollows. These descriptions are provided in eight sections, eachintended to aid understanding of a particular fac
26、et of theformats:Appearance Section 6Element Inclusions and Exclusions Section 7Basic Rules Section 8Layout Section 9Numeric Precision Section 10Estimate Calculation Section 11Analysis Calculation Section 12Variations and Additions Section 136. Presentation FormatAppearance6.1 Elemental Cost Estimat
27、eIt is not always readily ap-parent whether an elemental presentation format is actually anelemental cost estimate, or an elemental cost analysis. They arequite specifically designed to be consistent in appearance witha common, structured, layout that permits the ready compari-son of one with anothe
28、r. Elemental cost summaries are obvi-ously different in appearance however. An example elementalcost estimate is included as Appendix X2.6.1.1 The least used of the three elemental presentationarrangements. While outwardly identical in appearance to theanalysis format, the derivation of the data dis
29、played within it isquite different.6.1.2 Its limited use is primarily caused by its intent. Itprovides a means of preparing a structured estimate for aproject when little, if any, design information is available, byusing the results of elemental analyses from other, similar,designs.6.1.3 Once design
30、 has commenced each succeeding esti-mate is prepared using the increasingly more detailed designdocuments. Consequently, there are construction details thatcan be identified, quantified and estimated very early in theprocess, which will become progressively more detailed. Theseupdates will be consis
31、tently presented in a format that isvaluable in tracking cost by means of comparison and soquickly become either an elemental summary or an elementalanalysis.E25140626.1.4 Hierarchy of UseAn elemental cost estimate re-quires the use of cost figures derived from other, pre-existing,analyses.6.1.4.1 T
32、he estimate presentation uses high order parameterratios and unit rates derived from a database of elemental costanalyses of similar work.6.1.4.2 The retention of analyses from previous projects isan essential prerequisite to the successful preparation of anelemental estimate presentation.6.1.5 The
33、preparation of continuing estimates through thedesign and documentation phases is an iterative process, whilepreparation of the initial cost estimate is not. Continuing designestimate presentations, based on increasingly developed designdetail will far outnumber those of an initial cost estimate dur
34、ingthe design life cycle of a project.6.1.6 Cost modeling, based upon empirical knowledge, anunderstanding of basic requirements, and data obtained fromelemental cost analyses of similar, completed, projects, canalso be used to generate an elemental cost estimate, summaryor analysis presentation.6.1
35、.7 An initial cost estimate will be very simple and brief,although the presentation will appear to be identical to anelemental cost analysis of a detailed estimate, or a complexcost model.6.2 Elemental Cost SummaryThis format is primarilyused for reporting as it provides a summary of the underlying,
36、detailed, estimate in a simple, consistent, form. An exampleelemental cost estimate is included as Appendix X3.6.2.1 It is a cost summary only and makes no attempt toanalyze the result.6.2.2 It provides more information than a total cost lumpsum by showing the distribution of estimated cost among th
37、evarious building elements and, when sanctioned by the owner/client, may become the elemental cost plan. This cost summarynot only permits the speedy comparison of the various,ongoing, design estimates for the specific project, but withestimates for other projects too.6.2.3 The comparisons made are
38、usually between two costsummaries: the current summary, and either, another summary,a baseline summary, or the elemental cost plan. Included aspart of a report to an owner, client, consultant, or othermembers of the project team, a cost summary permits eachteam member to compare and assess the impac
39、t of their recentdesign decisions and to reflect on their specific impact, bothpositive and negative, on the projects overall cost and eco-nomic viability.6.2.4 This ready comparison is made easier by the use of astandard format and specifically defined element titles, whereincost is applied to func
40、tion (element) and not a trade or materialclassification. Using a standard reporting format allows eachelement cost to be reported consistently through the design lifeof any project.6.3 Elemental Cost AnalysisThis format is the mostwidely used as it provides a range of high-level information(analysi
41、s) about the underlying estimate. This analysis is ofmost value to the cost estimating and cost controls practitioner.An example elemental cost estimate is included as AppendixX4.6.3.1 Applying analysis at a high-level permits a relativelysimple and concise, yet sophisticated, review and report on a
42、construction projects forecast cost that can be applied through-out the design phase. Whether the information available forestimating is scant (before design has been commenced) orextensive (when design has progressed or is finally complete),the analysis format remains unchanged.6.3.2 To maintain th
43、is consistency in reporting and analysisthe “high level” element, or parameter, quantities used in theanalysis must be obtainable and measurable at, and through, allstages of design.6.3.3 The consistent format makes comparison between thecurrent elemental cost analysis and other elemental costanalys
44、es easy. Frequent comparison is an essential activitywhen maintaining control of cost while allowing the designdetails to develop and increase in complexity through aprojects design phase.6.3.4 Cost modeling techniques can generate sophisticatedunderlying cost estimate detail that can make good use
45、of this“high level” analysis also.7. Presentation FormatElement Inclusions andExclusions7.1 ASTM StandardsSeveral existing ASTM standardsare combined to provide the essential components that togethercreate an elemental format suitable for estimating, analysis andcontrol.7.1.1 Classification E 1557 p
46、rovides the primary elementalcomponents. It describes and delineates the physical elementsin a three level hierarchy. By itself Classification E 1557 doesnot provide a complete hierarchy suitable for use in costestimating as it omits other essential non-physical elementsthat are part of any estimati
47、ng process and are an integral partof any cost presentation.7.1.2 Classification E 2083 provides additional elementswithout which any estimate will be incomplete.7.1.3 Classification E 2168 provides further elements thatare essential in any estimate prepared before design is com-plete. Estimates pre
48、pared during the design process are usuallyexpected to be a forecast of a reasonable bid. Thereforeestimates prepared during the design process will necessarilyneed to include allowance for, as yet incomplete, and/orevolving design decisions.7.2 Inclusions:7.2.1 Group elements in accordance with Cla
49、ssificationE 1557. These are the Levels 1, 2, and 3 referred to therein. Forother forms of construction refer to the relevant StandardClassification of Elements.7.2.2 Field requirements, office overhead, and profit inaccordance with Classification E 2083.7.2.3 Allowances, both general and specific, for intendedwork as described in Classification E 2168.7.3 Exclusions:7.3.1 Consultant fees and disbursements and other itemsthat are not specifically part of the construction cost.7.3.2 Contingencies, both general and specific, for unin-tended work as described in Classi
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