1、Designation: E 2514 08Standard Practice forPresentation Format of Elemental Cost Estimates,Summaries, and Analyses1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2514; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the concurrent use of relevantASTM standards for the preparation of elemental cost esti-mates
3、, summaries, and analyses and specifically their presen-tation in a concise, consistent, and logical manner.1.2 While the style and directions use construction termsapplied to buildings, the principles apply equally well to otherforms of construction where appropriate elemental classifica-tions exis
4、t.1.3 This practice is not an estimating manual, nor is it aguide to the skills and knowledge required of an estimator orother cost professional.NOTE 1The skills and knowledge acquired by a trained and experi-enced estimator are essential to the successful application of any elementalpresentation fo
5、rmat. They are the foundation of any estimate and theunderpinning knowledge required when applying the elemental technique.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE 1557 Classification for Building Elements and Rela
6、tedSiteworkUNIFORMAT IIE 1804 Practice for Performing and Reporting Cost Analy-sis During the Design Phase of a ProjectE 1836 Practice for Building Floor Area Measurements forFacility ManagementE 2083 Classification for Building Construction Field Re-quirements, and Office Overhead elements also pro
7、vide a framework for consistentpreliminary description, outline, and performance specificationthrough all stages of planning, design, construction, andmaintenance.3.2.2 elemental cost plan, nan estimate, summarized andpresented in element groups, that has been sanctioned by theowner/client.3.2.2.1 D
8、iscussionIn practice an elemental cost plan in-cludes the high level presentation figures contained in any ofthe relevant presentation formats referenced in this standardwhich, when sanctioned, become the benchmark figuresagainst which subsequent estimates are compared.3.3 For additional guidance on
9、 certain other terminologyrelated to estimates, budgets, cost plans, and cost models referto Appendix X1.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice covers the concurrent use of severalASTM standards that together form a valuable and triedframework for elemental cost presentation especially whenused for
10、 design stage construction cost estimating of buildings,and also:1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 onBuilding Economics.Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Origi
11、nallyapproved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E 2514 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
12、 ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJE2514.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.1.1 Identifies three arrangements, estimate, summary, andanalysis, of elemental cost presentat
13、ion;4.1.2 Provides conventions for use in completing thesepresentations; and4.1.3 Provides suggestions for some typical uses, includingreporting, error checking, change tracking, and comparisonthrough the planning, design, construction, and final archivalrecord stages common to all building projects
14、.4.2 This practice is about arrangement, format, and presen-tation only. It is not an estimating manual and relates solely tothe presentation of elemental estimates or costs, or both, in avery specific format.4.3 For the purposes of this practice an estimate is deemedto be the whole corpus of measur
15、ement, description, andpricing detail that together make up the total sum. The twoformats referred to in this practice, elemental summary andelemental analysis, are either a summary arrangement or ananalysis arrangement of this underlying estimate detail. Theseformats represent a high-level presenta
16、tion of the basic esti-mate. An elemental estimate is different in that there is nounderlying detail and so, in this case, the presentation is theestimate, using the elemental analysis format.5. Significance and Use5.1 Significance:5.1.1 The application of elements (see 3.2.1 and Terminol-ogy E 833)
17、 to the description and the summary and analysis ofbuilding construction cost provides a consistency, commonal-ity, and utility through all stages of design that other forms ofestimate presentation do not.5.1.2 This practice describes a simple format for elementalcost analysis presentation that is b
18、oth valuable and informativewhen used during the various design stages of constructiondevelopment.5.2 UseUsers include owners, developers, contractors,cost professionals, estimators, architects, engineers, quantitysurveyors, facility managers, and others involved in propertydevelopment, construction
19、, maintenance, and management.5.2.1 ReportingCost reports structured by elements pro-vide estimates, summaries, and analyses by applying “Cost toFunction.” This application works whether the approach is“Design to Cost” or “Cost to Design.” Value analysis is greatlyassisted through the allocation of
20、estimated cost to elements.5.2.2 ControllingComparison of progressively more de-tailed estimates is simplified where cost is allocated to appro-priate elements regardless of design or specification, permittingefficient review and checking of new estimates. Design esti-mating using elements allows fo
21、r benchmarking and the settingof cost limits (baseline) for a building design from the outset,and also permits the establishment of an elemental cost plan(see 3.2.2). Baseline records and cost plans are accessed andcompared with current reports.5.2.3 RecordingHistoric and baseline cost records areea
22、sily kept for all forms of building construction, and in aformat that can be used for the planning and design of futureprojects.5.2.4 Other UsesElemental summaries and analyses areequally useful in forensic estimating and in quantitative riskanalysis.5.2.5 Relationship to “Trade” EstimatingTradition
23、altrade (or construction) estimating summarizes cost to a prod-uct, or trade classification. This is valuable when constructionwork has been fully specified or contracted, but is less sothrough the planning and design stages. The two systems (tradeand elemental) are compatible in that they both rela
24、te to thesame end product, for example, a building; they differ solely inthe way cost is aggregated. Each estimate form can beconverted to the other by coding or allocating each construc-tion component to an appropriate trade/product division orelement. During design evolution, changes in design and
25、specification can make trade estimates difficult to compare withprevious or other, or both, estimates and so can hinder theprocess of cost control during the design phase.5.2.6 Additional Narrative InformationWhile costs pre-sented in these formats are descriptive in themselves they donot tell the f
26、ull story of a projects design. Narrative descriptionof the construction work should also be an integral part of anycomplete presentation. Reference and description of this nar-rative form can be found in Practice E 1804, and in Classifi-cation E 1557 Appendix X3Preliminary Project Description(PPD).
27、5.3 A detailed description of the presentation formats nowfollows. These descriptions are provided in eight sections, eachintended to aid understanding of a particular facet of theformats:Appearance Section 6Element Inclusions and Exclusions Section 7Basic Rules Section 8Layout Section 9Numeric Prec
28、ision Section 10Estimate Calculation Section 11Analysis Calculation Section 12Variations and Additions Section 136. Presentation FormatAppearance6.1 Elemental Cost EstimateIt is not always readily ap-parent whether an elemental presentation format is actually anelemental cost estimate or an elementa
29、l cost analysis. They arequite specifically designed to be consistent in appearance witha common, structured layout that permits the ready comparisonof one with another. Elemental cost summaries are obviouslydifferent in appearance however. An example elemental costestimate is included as Appendix X
30、3.6.1.1 The least used of the three elemental presentationarrangements. While outwardly identical in appearance to theanalysis format, the derivation of the data displayed within it isquite different.6.1.2 Its limited use is primarily caused by its intent. Itprovides a means of preparing a structure
31、d estimate for aproject when little, if any, design information is available, byusing the results of elemental analyses from other, similar,designs.6.1.3 Once design has commenced each succeeding esti-mate is prepared using the increasingly more detailed designdocuments. Consequently, there are cons
32、truction details thatcan be identified, quantified and estimated very early in theprocess, which will become progressively more detailed. Theseupdates will be consistently presented in a format that isE2514082valuable in tracking cost by means of comparison and soquickly become either an elemental s
33、ummary or an elementalanalysis.6.1.4 Hierarchy of UseAn elemental cost estimate re-quires the use of cost figures derived from other, pre-existing,analyses.6.1.4.1 The estimate presentation uses high order parameterratios and unit rates derived from a database of elemental costanalyses of similar wo
34、rk.6.1.4.2 The retention of analyses from previous projects isan essential prerequisite to the successful preparation of anelemental estimate presentation.6.1.5 The preparation of continuing estimates through thedesign and documentation phases is an iterative process, whilepreparation of the initial
35、 cost estimate is not. Continuing designestimate presentations, based on increasingly developed designdetail will far outnumber those of an initial cost estimate duringthe design life cycle of a project.6.1.6 Cost modeling, based upon empirical knowledge, anunderstanding of basic requirements, and d
36、ata obtained fromelemental cost analyses of similar, completed, projects, canalso be used to generate an elemental cost estimate, summaryor analysis presentation.6.1.7 An initial cost estimate will be very simple and brief,although the presentation will appear to be identical to anelemental cost ana
37、lysis of a detailed estimate, or a complexcost model.6.2 Elemental Cost SummaryThis format is primarilyused for reporting as it provides a summary of the underlying,detailed, estimate in a simple, consistent, form. An exampleelemental cost summary is included as Appendix X4.6.2.1 It is a cost summar
38、y only and makes no attempt toanalyze the result.6.2.2 It provides more information than a total cost lumpsum by showing the distribution of estimated cost among thevarious building elements and, when sanctioned by the owner/client, may become the elemental cost plan. This cost summarynot only permi
39、ts the speedy comparison of the various,ongoing, design estimates for the specific project, but withestimates for other projects too.6.2.3 The comparisons made are usually between two costsummaries: the current summary and either another summary,a baseline summary, or the elemental cost plan. Includ
40、ed aspart of a report to an owner, client, consultant, or othermembers of the project team, a cost summary permits eachteam member to compare and assess the impact of their recentdesign decisions and to reflect on their specific impact, bothpositive and negative, on the projects overall cost and eco
41、-nomic viability.6.2.4 This ready comparison is made easier by the use of astandard format and specifically defined element titles, whereincost is applied to function (element) and not a trade or materialclassification. Using a standard reporting format allows eachelement cost to be reported consist
42、ently through the design lifeof any project.6.3 Elemental Cost AnalysisThis format is the mostwidely used as it provides a range of high-level information(analysis) about the underlying estimate. This analysis is ofmost value to the cost estimating and cost controls practitioner.An example elemental
43、 cost analysis is included as AppendixX5.6.3.1 Applying analysis at a high-level permits a relativelysimple and concise, yet sophisticated, review and report on aconstruction projects forecast cost that can be applied through-out the design phase. Whether the information available forestimating is s
44、cant (before design has been commenced) orextensive (when design has progressed or is finally complete),the analysis format remains unchanged.6.3.2 To maintain this consistency in reporting and analysisthe “high level” element, or parameter, quantities used in theanalysis must be obtainable and meas
45、urable at, and through, allstages of design.6.3.3 The consistent format makes comparison between thecurrent elemental cost analysis and other elemental costanalyses easy. Frequent comparison is an essential activitywhen maintaining control of cost while allowing the designdetails to develop and incr
46、ease in complexity through aprojects design phase. The Basic Instructional Model Spread-sheet permits the demonstration of this very simple way ofidentifying cost deviations from a Benchmark, Baseline, orElemental Cost Plan.6.3.4 Cost modeling techniques can generate sophisticatedunderlying cost est
47、imate detail that can make good use of this“high level” analysis also.7. Presentation FormatElement Inclusions andExclusions7.1 ASTM StandardsSeveral existing ASTM standardsare combined to provide the essential components that togethercreate an elemental format suitable for estimating, analysis,and
48、control.7.1.1 Classification E 1557 provides the primary elementalcomponents. It describes and delineates the physical elementsin a three level hierarchy. By itself Classification E 1557 doesnot provide a complete hierarchy suitable for use in costestimating as it omits other essential non-physical
49、elementsthat are part of any estimating process and are an integral partof any cost presentation.7.1.2 Classification E 2083 provides additional elementswithout which any estimate will be incomplete.7.1.3 Classification E 2168 provides further elements thatare essential in any estimate prepared before design is com-plete. Estimates prepared during the design process are usuallyexpected to be a forecast of a reasonable bid. Thereforeestimates prepared during the design process will necessarilyneed to include allowance for, as yet incomplete or evolvingdesign dec
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