1、Designation: E2514 08E2514 15Standard Practice forPresentation Format of Elemental Cost Estimates,Summaries, and Analyses1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2514; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the concurrent use of relevant ASTM standards for the preparation of elemental cost est
3、imates,summaries, and analyses and specifically their presentation in a concise, consistent, and logical manner.1.2 While the style and directions use construction terms applied to buildings, the principles apply equally well to other formsof construction where appropriate elemental classifications
4、exist.1.3 This practice is not an estimating manual, nor is it a guide to the skills and knowledge required of an estimator or other costprofessional.NOTE 1The skills and knowledge acquired by a trained and experienced estimator are essential to the successful application of any elementalpresentatio
5、n format. They are the foundation of any estimate and the underpinning knowledge required when applying the elemental technique.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE1557 Classification for Building Elements and Re
6、lated SiteworkUNIFORMAT IIE1804 Practice for Performing and Reporting Cost Analysis During the Design Phase of a ProjectE1836E1836/E1836M Practice for Building Floor Area Measurements for Facility ManagementE2083 Classification for Building Construction Field Requirements, and Office Overhead and fo
7、r general terms related to building economics, refer toTerminology E833.3.1.1 element, nin construction planning, design, specification, estimating, and cost analysis, is a significant component partof the whole that performs a specific function, or functions, regardless of design, specification, or
8、 construction. constructionmethod.3.1.1.1 DiscussionWhile through analysis, or by direct measurement,application, construction estimates categorized into elements (functionalelements) with their allocated costs, may be summarized in an elemental cost summary or elemental cost analysis; elements1 Thi
9、s practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 on BuildingEconomics.Current edition approved May 1, 2008May 1, 2015. Published August 2008July 2015. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition appr
10、oved in 20062008 asE2514 06.E2514 08. DOI: 10.1520/E2514-08.10.1520/E2514-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on t
11、he ASTM website.3 Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJE2514.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possi
12、ble to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, Wes
13、t Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1(functional elements) also provide a framework for consistent preliminary project description, outline, and performancespecification, through all stages of planning, design, construction, and maintenance.3.1.2 elemental cost plan,analysis, nan estimate, s
14、ummarized and presented inin construction planning, design, specification,estimating, and cost analysis, element groups, that has a tabulation of cost categorized by major group element,group element,or element, or any combination thereof, to which a parameter quantity,been sanctioned by the owner/c
15、lient. or parameterquantities, has, or have, been applied to derive benchmark figures (rates, ratios, percentages, and so forth).3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn practice an elemental cost plan includes the high level presentation figures contained in any of the relevant presentation formatsreferenced in this s
16、tandard which, when sanctioned, become the benchmark figures against which subsequent estimates arecompared.Elemental cost analyses are valuable tools in planning, estimating, and controlling construction cost through all stagesof planning and design. The benchmark figures are primarily derived from
17、 underlying estimate detail but can, in somecircumstances, be used directly to approximate estimates for other projects.3.1.3 elemental cost summary, nin construction planning, design, specification, estimating, and cost analysis, a tabulation ofcost categorized by major group element,group element,
18、 or element.3.1.4 group element, nin construction planning, design, specification, estimating, and cost analysis, a significant componentpart of the whole that includes relevant elements which, as a group, perform specific function, or functions, regardless of design,specification or construction me
19、thod.3.1.5 major group element, nin construction planning, design, specification, estimating, and cost analysis, a very significantcomponent part of the whole that includes relevant group elements which, as a group, perform major specific function, orfunctions, regardless of design, specification or
20、 construction method.3.1.6 parameter quantity, nin construction planning, design, specification, estimating, and cost analysis, a measure of theamount (quantity) of work included within a major group element,group element, or element, or any combination thereof,which, using standardized metrics, ens
21、ures consistent elemental cost analysis preparation and comparison.3.1.7 sub-element, nin construction planning, design, specification, estimating, and cost analysis, a component part of anelement that performs a specific function, or functions, regardless of design, specification or construction me
22、thod.3.1.8 UNIFORMAT II UII, na hierarchical breakdown structure of construction work ordered by elements.3.1.8.1 DiscussionPrimarily designed for cost management (planning, control, and analysis) during the planning, budgeting, and design phases ofconstruction, its hierarchical elemental breakdown
23、structure is also used for qualitative text rich reports (preliminary projectdescription, condition assessment, asset description), and other quantitative text and numerical purposes (value engineering,risk analysis, preliminary time schedule, building information modeling).3.2 Definitions of Terms
24、Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 elemental cost plan, nan estimate, summarized and presented in element groups, that has been sanctioned by theowner/client.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIn practice an elemental cost plan includes the high level presentation figures contained in any of the relevant presentation f
25、ormatsreferenced in this standard which, when sanctioned, become the benchmark figures against which subsequent estimates arecompared.3.3 For additional guidance on certain other terminology related to estimates, budgets, cost plans, and cost models refer toAppendix X1.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This
26、 practice covers the concurrent use of several ASTM standards that together form a valuable and tried framework forelemental cost presentation especially when used for design stage construction cost estimating of buildings, and also:4.1.1 Identifies three arrangements, estimate, summary, and analysi
27、s, of elemental cost presentation;4.1.2 Provides conventions for use in completing these presentations; and4.1.3 Provides suggestions for some typical uses, including reporting, error checking, change tracking, and comparison throughthe planning, design, construction, and final archival record stage
28、s common to all building projects.E2514 1524.2 This practice is about arrangement, format, and presentation only. It is not an estimating manual and relates solely to thepresentation of elemental estimates or costs, or both, in a very specific format.4.3 For the purposes of this practice an estimate
29、 is deemed to be the whole corpus of measurement, description, and pricingdetail that together make up the total sum. The two formats referred to in this practice, elemental summary and elemental analysis,are either a summary arrangement or an analysis arrangement of this underlying estimate detail.
30、 These formats represent ahigh-level presentation of the basic estimate. An elemental estimate is different in that there is no underlying detail and so, in thiscase, the presentation is the estimate, using the elemental analysis format.5. Significance and Use5.1 Significance:5.1.1 The application o
31、f elements (see 3.2.13.1.1 and Terminology E833) to the description and the summary and analysis ofbuilding construction cost provides a consistency, commonality, and utility through all stages of design that other forms of estimatepresentation do not.5.1.2 This practice describes a simple format fo
32、r elemental cost analysis presentation that is both valuable and informative whenused during the various design stages of construction development.5.2 UseUsers include owners, developers, contractors, cost professionals, estimators, architects, engineers, quantitysurveyors, facility managers, and ot
33、hers involved in property development, construction, maintenance, and management.5.2.1 ReportingCost reports structured by elements provide estimates, summaries, and analyses by applying “Cost toFunction.” This application works whether the approach is “Design to Cost” or “Cost to Design.” Value ana
34、lysis is greatly assistedthrough the allocation of estimated cost to elements.5.2.2 ControllingComparison of progressively more detailed estimates is simplified where cost is allocated to appropriateelements regardless of design or specification, permitting efficient review and checking of new estim
35、ates. Design estimating usingelements allows for benchmarking and the setting of cost limits (baseline) for a building design from the outset, and also permitsthe establishment of an elemental cost plan (see 3.2.23.2.1). Baseline records and cost plans are accessed and compared withcurrent reports.5
36、.2.3 RecordingHistoric and baseline cost records are easily kept for all forms of building construction, and in a format thatcan be used for the planning and design of future projects.5.2.4 Other UsesElemental summaries and analyses are equally useful in forensic estimating and in quantitative risk
37、analysis.5.2.5 Relationship to “Trade” EstimatingTraditional trade (or construction) estimating summarizes cost to a product, or tradeclassification. This is valuable when construction work has been fully specified or contracted, but is less so through the planningand design stages. The two systems
38、(trade and elemental) are compatible in that they both relate to the same end product, forexample, a building; they differ solely in the way cost is aggregated. Each estimate form can be converted to the other by codingor allocating each construction component to an appropriate trade/product divisio
39、n or element. During design evolution, changesin design and specification can make trade estimates difficult to compare with previous or other, or both, estimates and so canhinder the process of cost control during the design phase.5.2.6 Additional Narrative InformationWhile costs presented in these
40、 formats are descriptive in themselves they do not tellthe full story of a projects design. Narrative description of the construction work should also be an integral part of any completepresentation. Reference and description of this narrative form can be found in Practice E1804, and in Classificati
41、on E1557Appendix X3Preliminary Project Description (PPD).5.3 A detailed description of the presentation formats now follows. These descriptions are provided in eight sections, eachintended to aid understanding of a particular facet of the formats:Appearance Section 6Element Inclusions and Exclusions
42、 Section 7Basic Rules Section 8Layout Section 9Numeric Precision Section 10Estimate Calculation Section 11Analysis Calculation Section 12Variations and Additions Section 136. Presentation FormatAppearance6.1 Elemental Cost EstimateIt is not always readily apparent whether an elemental presentation f
43、ormat is actually anelemental cost estimate or an elemental cost analysis. They are quite specifically designed to be consistent in appearance with acommon, structured layout that permits the ready comparison of one with another. Elemental cost summaries are obviouslydifferent in appearance however.
44、 An example elemental cost estimate is included as Appendix X3.6.1.1 The least used of the three elemental presentation arrangements. While outwardly identical in appearance to the analysisformat, the derivation of the data displayed within it is quite different.6.1.2 Its limited use is primarily ca
45、used by its intent. It provides a means of preparing a structured estimate for a project whenlittle, if any, design information is available, by using the results of elemental analyses from other, similar, designs.E2514 1536.1.3 Once design has commenced each succeeding estimate is prepared using th
46、e increasingly more detailed design documents.Consequently, there are construction details that can be identified, quantified and estimated very early in the process, which willbecome progressively more detailed. These updates will be consistently presented in a format that is valuable in tracking c
47、ost bymeans of comparison and so quickly become either an elemental summary or an elemental analysis.6.1.4 Hierarchy of UseAn elemental cost estimate requires the use of cost figures derived from other, pre-existing, analyses.6.1.4.1 The estimate presentation uses high order parameter ratios and uni
48、t rates derived from a database of elemental costanalyses of similar work.6.1.4.2 The retention of analyses from previous projects is an essential prerequisite to the successful preparation of an elementalestimate presentation.6.1.5 The preparation of continuing estimates through the design and docu
49、mentation phases is an iterative process, whilepreparation of the initial cost estimate is not. Continuing design estimate presentations, based on increasingly developed designdetail will far outnumber those of an initial cost estimate during the design life cycle of a project.6.1.6 Cost modeling, based upon empirical knowledge, an understanding of basic requirements, and data obtained fromelemental cost analyses of similar, completed, projects, can also be used to generate an elemental cost estimate, summary oranalysis presentation.6.1.7 An
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