1、Designation: E 2544 07aStandard Terminology forThree-Dimensional (3-D) Imaging Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2544; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology contains common terms, definitions ofterms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronymsassociated with three-dimension
3、al (3-D) imaging systems in aneffort to standardize terminology used for 3-D imaging sys-tems.1.2 The definitions of the terms presented in 3.1 are ob-tained from various standard documents developed by variousstandards development organizations. The intent is not tochange these universally accepted
4、 definitions but to gather, ina single document, terms and their definitions that may be usedin current or future standards for 3-D imaging systems.1.2.1 In some cases, definitions of the same term from twostandards have been presented to provide additional reference.The text in parentheses to the r
5、ight of each defined term is thename (and, in some cases, the specific section) of the source ofthe definition associated with that term.1.3 The definitions in 3.2 are specific terms developed bythis committee for 3-D imaging systems.1.4 A definition in this terminology is a statement of themeaning
6、of a word or word group expressed in a singlesentence with additional information included in notes ordiscussions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate s
7、afety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1The subcommittee responsible for this standard will reviewdefinitions on a five-year basis to determine if the definition is stillappropriate as stated. Revisions will be made when determined nec
8、essary.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard:2E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics2.2 ASME Standard:3B89.4.19 Performance Evaluation of Laser Based SphericalCoordinate Measurement Systems2.3 ISO Standard:4VIM, International Vocabulary of Basic and General Termsin MetrologyISO 1114
9、61 Lasers and laser-related equipment Testmethods for laser beam widths, divergence angles andbeam propagation ratios Part 1: Stigmatic and simpleastigmatic beams2.4 NIST/SEMATECH Standard:5NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:accuracy of measurement, nclosene
10、ss of the agreementbetween the result of a measurement and a true value of themeasurand. (VIM 3.5)DISCUSSION(1) Accuracy is a qualitative concept.(2) The term “precision” should not be used for “accuracy.”angular increment, nthe angle between samples, Da, whereDa = ai ai1, in either the azimuth or e
11、levation directions(or a combination of both) with respect to the instrumentsinternal frame of reference.DISCUSSIONFor scanning instruments, the angular increment mayalso be known as the angle step size.bias (of a measuring instrument), nsystematic error of theindication of a measuring instrument. (
12、VIM 3.25)DISCUSSIONThe bias of a measuring instrument is normally esti-mated by averaging the error of indication over an appropriate numberof repeated measurements.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of Committee E57 on 3D ImagingSystems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E57.
13、01 on Terminology.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E 2544-07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
14、 of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.4Available from American National Standa
15、rds Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.e-Handbook available at http:/www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/.1Cop
16、yright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.bias, ndifference between the average or expected value of adistribution and the true value.(NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook)DISCUSSIONIn metrology, the difference between precision andaccuracy is
17、 that measures of precision are not affected by bias, whereasaccuracy measures degrade as bias increases.calibration, nset of operations that establish, under specifiedconditions, the relationship between values of quantitiesindicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, orvalues represent
18、ed by a material measure or a referencematerial, and the corresponding values realized by standards.(VIM 6.11)DISCUSSION(1) The result of a calibration permits either the assignmentof values of measurands to the indications or the determinationof corrections with respect to indications.(2) A calibra
19、tion may also determine other metrologicalproperties such as the effect of influence quantities.(3) The result of a calibration may be recorded in adocument, sometimes called a calibration certificate or acalibration pensation, nthe process of determining systematic er-rors in an instrument and then
20、 applying these values in anerror model that seeks to eliminate or minimize measure-ment errors. (ASME B89.4.19)conventional true value (of a quantity), nvalue attributedto a particular quantity and accepted, sometimes by conven-tion, as having an uncertainty appropriate for a givenpurpose. (VIM 1.2
21、0)DISCUSSION(1) Examples: (1) at a given location, the value assigned tothe quantity realized by a reference standard may be taken asa conventional true value and (2) the CODATA (1986) recom-mended value for the Avogadro constant, NA: 6 022 136 7 31023mol-1.(2) Conventional true value is sometimes c
22、alled assignedvalue, best estimate of the value, conventional value, orreference value.(3) Frequently, a number of results of measurements of aquantity is used to establish a conventional true value.error (of measurement), nresult of a measurement minus atrue value of the measurand. (VIM 3.10)DISCUS
23、SION(1) Since a true value cannot be determined, in practice, aconventional true value is used (see true value and conven-tional true value).(2) When it is necessary to distinguish “error” from“relative error,” the former is sometimes called “absolute errorof measurement.” This should not be confuse
24、d with the“absolute value of error,” which is the modulus of error.indicating (measuring) instrument, nmeasuring instru-ment that displays an indication. (VIM 4.6)DISCUSSION(1) Examples include analog indicating voltmeter, digitalfrequency meter, and micrometer.(2) The display may be analog (continu
25、ous or discontinu-ous) or digital.(3) Values of more than one quantity may be displayedsimultaneously.(4) A displaying measuring instrument may also provide arecord.limiting conditions, nthe manufacturers specified limits onthe environmental, utility, and other conditions within whichan instrument m
26、ay be operated safely and without damage.DISCUSSIONThe manufacturers performance specifications are notassured over the limiting conditions.maximum permissible error (MPE), nextreme values of anerror permitted by specification, regulations, and so forth fora given measuring instrument. (VIM 5.21)mea
27、surand, nparticular quantity subject to measurement.(VIM 2.6)DISCUSSION(1) Example includes vapor pressure of a given sample ofwater at 20C.(2) The specification of a measurand may require state-ments about quantities such as time, temperature, and pressure.precision, ncloseness of agreement between
28、 independenttest results obtained under stipulated conditions.(ASTM E 456)DISCUSSION(1) Precision depends on random errors and does not relateto the true value or the specified value.(2) The measure of precision is usually expressed in termsof imprecision and computed as a standard deviation of the
29、testresults. Less precision is reflected by a larger standard devia-tion.(3) “Independent test results” means results obtained in amanner not influenced by any previous result on the same orsimilar test object. Quantitative measures of precision dependcritically on the stipulated conditions. Repeata
30、bility and repro-ducibility conditions are particular sets of extreme stipulatedconditions.precision, nin metrology, the variability of a measurementprocess around its average value.(NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook)DISCUSSIONPrecision is usually distinguished from accuracy, thevariability of a measurement
31、process around the true value. Precision,in turn, can be decomposed further into short-term variation orrepeatability and long-term variation or reproducibility.random error, nresult of a measurement minus the meanthat would result from an infinite number of measurementsof the same measurand carried
32、 out under repeatabilityconditions. (VIM 3.13)DISCUSSION(1) Random error is equal to error minus systematic error.E 2544 07a2(2) Because only a finite number of measurements can bemade, it is possible to determine only an estimate of randomerror.rated conditions, nmanufacturer-specified limits on en
33、vi-ronmental, utility, and other conditions within which themanufacturers performance specifications are guaranteed atthe time of installation of the instrument.(ASME B89.4.19)relative error, nerror of measurement divided by a truevalue of the measurand. (VIM 3.12)DISCUSSIONSince a true value cannot
34、 be determined, in practice aconventional true value is used.repeatability (of results of measurements), ncloseness ofthe agreement between the results of successive measure-ments of the same measurand carried out under the sameconditions of measurement. (VIM 3.6)DISCUSSION(1) These conditions are c
35、alled repeatability conditions.(2) Repeatability conditions include: the same measure-ment procedure; the same observer; the same measuringinstrument used under the same conditions; the same location;and repetition over a short period of time.(3) Repeatability may be expressed quantitatively in term
36、sof the dispersion characteristics of the results.reproducibility (of results of measurements), nclosenessof the agreement between the results of measurements of thesame measurand carried out under changed conditions ofmeasurement. (VIM 3.7)DISCUSSION(1) A value statement of reproducibility requires
37、 specifica-tion of the conditions changed.(2) The changed conditions may include: principle ofmeasurement; method of measurement; observer; measuringinstrument; reference standard; location; conditions of use; andtime.(3) Reproducibility may be expressed quantitatively interms of the dispersion char
38、acteristics of the results.(4) Results are usually understood to be corrected results.systematic error, nmean that would result from an infinitenumber of measurements of the same measurand carried outunder repeatability conditions minus a true value of themeasurand. (VIM 3.14)DISCUSSION(1) Systemati
39、c error is equal to error minus random error.(2) Like true value, systematic error and its causes cannotbe completely known.(3) For a measuring instrument, see “bias.”true value (of a quantity), nvalue consistent with thedefinition of a given particular quantity. (VIM 1.19)DISCUSSION(1) This is a va
40、lue that would be obtained by a perfectmeasurement.(2) True values are by nature indeterminate.(3) The indefinite article “a,” rather than the definite article“the,” is used in conjunction with “true value” because theremay be many values consistent with the definition of a givenparticular quantity.
41、uncertainty of measurement, nparameter, associated withthe result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersionof the values that could reasonably be attributed to themeasurand. (VIM 3.9)DISCUSSION(1) The parameter may be, for example, a standard devia-tion (or a given multiple of it) or the h
42、alf width of an intervalhaving a stated level of confidence.(2) Uncertainty of measurement comprises, in general,many components. Some of these components may be evalu-ated from the statistical distribution of the results of series ofmeasurements and can be characterized by experimental stan-dard de
43、viations. The other components, which can also becharacterized by standard deviations, are evaluated from as-sumed probability distributions based on experience or otherinformation.(3) It is understood that the result of the measurement is thebest estimate of the value of the measurand, and that all
44、components of uncertainty, including those arising from sys-tematic effects, such as components associated with correctionsand reference standards, contribute to the dispersion.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3-D imaging system, nan optical (within the infrared toultraviolet wavel
45、engths) instrument that is used to rapidlymeasure (on the order of thousands of measurements persecond or faster) the range and bearing to and/or the 3-Dcoordinates of points on an object or within an area ofinterest.DISCUSSION(1) Examples of 3-D imaging systems are laser scanners(also known as LADA
46、Rs or laser radars), optical rangecameras (also known as flash LADARs or 3-D range cameras),triangulation based systems such as those using pattern projec-tors or lasers, and other systems based on interferometry.(2) In general, the information gathered by a 3-D imagingsystem is a collection of n-tu
47、ples, where in addition tospherical or Cartesian coordinates, each n-tuple can alsoinclude return pulse intensity, color, time stamp, identifier,polarization, and so forth.(3) For some instruments, each n-tuple does not includespherical or Cartesian coordinates, instead the n-tuple is arange wavefor
48、m which could be post-processed to extract thecoordinates and/or object classifications or attributes.(4) Measurements are made without physical contactbetween the instrument and the object.angular increment, nthe angle between samples, Da, whereDa = ai ai-1, in either the azimuth or elevation direc
49、tions(or a combination of both) with respect to the instrumentsinternal frame of reference.DISCUSSIONFor scanning instruments, the angular increment mayalso be known as the angle step size.E 2544 07a3beam propagation ratios (Mx2,My2), nratios of the productof the divergence angle, u, and the beam width, d,atthebeam waist location z0, for a given laser beam to the sameproduct for a perfect Gaussian beam at the same wavelength,and is given by:Mx25usxdsx0uGsdGs0My25usydsy0uGsdGs0where:dsx0,dsy0= beam widths at th
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