ASTM E2574 E2574M-2017 Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of School Bus Seat Assemblies《校车座椅总成着火试验的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: E2574/E2574M 12aE2574/E2574M 17 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forFire Testing of School Bus Seat Assemblies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2574/E2574M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, i

2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 This test method assesses the bur

3、ning behavior of upholstered seating used in school buses by measuring specific fire-testresponses when a school bus seat specimen is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under normally ventilated conditions.1.3 The ignition source is a gas burner.1.4 This fire test is primarily useful t

4、o distinguish products that, when exposed to an ignition source, will become fully involvedin fire from other products that will not.1.5 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior of the seat assemblies from a specific ignition source until all burninghas ceased.1.6 This test method does not

5、provide information on the fire performance of upholstered seating in fire conditions other thanthose conditions specified.1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photographic or video recordings, whenever possible.1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be reg

6、arded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the resp

7、onse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Ade

8、quate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conductingthese tests.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices

9、 and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recomm

10、endations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5132 Test Method for Horizontal Burning Rate of Polymeric Materials Used in Occupant Compartments of Motor VehiclesE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE1537 Test Meth

11、od for Fire Testing of Upholstered FurnitureE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation VehiclesE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry Fire TestsE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials

12、and Assemblies1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.17 on Transportation.Current edition approved July 1, 2012July 1, 2017. Published August 2012July 2017. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous e

13、dition approved in 2012 asE2574/E2574M12.12a. DOI: 10.1520/E2574_E2574M-12A.10.1520/E2574_E2574M-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Doc

14、ument Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM

15、recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Bo

16、x C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F1550 Test Method for Determination of Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Components or Composites of Mattresses orFurniture for Use in Correctional Facilities after Exposure to Vandalism, by Employing a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorim

17、eterIEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Metric Practice2.2 National Safety Council Standard:3School bus seat upholstery fire block test, approved by the National Conference on School Transportation as part of the NationalStandards for School Buses and National Standards for School Bus Ope

18、rations2.3 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards:4FMVSS 222 School Bus Passenger Seating and Crash Protection, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Transportation,Subtitle B, Chapter V, Part 571, Subpart B.FMVSS 302 Flammability of Interior Material, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 4

19、9, Transportation, Subtitle B, ChapterV, Part 571, Subpart B2.4 NFPA Standard:5NFPA 286 Standard Method of Tests for Evaluating Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method associated with fire issues, refer t

20、o the terminology contained inTerminology E176.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 screening test, nas related to fire, a fire-response test performed to determine whether a material, product, or assembly(a) exhibits any unusual fire-related characteristics, (b) has certain expected fire-related characteristics,

21、or (c) is capable of beingpreliminarily categorized according to the fire characteristic in question.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 newspaper, nas related to this test method, standard size double sheets of newsprint, with black print and no colored inkor surface treatment.

22、3.3.2 paper bag, nas related to this test method, a bag constructed of unbleached (brown, #30) kraft paper having four sidesand a bottom, with an open top, and held together with adhesive.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A mock-up of a school bus is constructed with three rows of actual seats.4.2 A gas

23、burner ignition source is used.4.3 Each test consists of two trials. In each trial a gas burner ignition source is placed at a specified location to ignite the middlerow of seats and is ignited.4.4 A different gas burner is used for the top of the seat and for the bottom of the seat.4.5 Once flame e

24、xtinction has occurred, the time to flame extinction, the extent of fire spread (within the seat and to the otherseats if applicable) and the mass loss of the seat are assessed.5. Significance and Use5.1 In this test method fire test response characteristics of a school bus seat assembly are assesse

25、d following ignition by a squaregas burner.5.2 This test method is similar in concept to a fire test currently used, and which has been in such use for many years, as theindustry standard for flammability testing of school bus seats (see Appendix X1). However, in this test method the paper bag hasbe

26、en replaced by a gas burner as the ignition source.5.3 The US federal government has issued a flammability test applicable to interior materials in road vehicles, FMVSS 302.FMVSS 302 remains the only regulatory test for assessing fire-test-response characteristics of school bus seats.5.4 ASTM has is

27、sued Test Method D5132 in order to provide a more standardized way of conducting FMVSS 302.5.5 The test method described in this document provides a significantly higher challenge to school bus seats than the FMVSS302 federal regulatory test. Therefore, any seat assembly that performs acceptably in

28、this test is likely to meet the requirementsof FMVSS 302.3 Available from National Safety Council (NSC), 1121 Spring Lake Dr., Itasca, IL 60143-3201, http:/www.nsc.org.4 Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.5 Available from National Fire P

29、rotection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.E2574/E2574M 1725.6 It is clear that those seat assemblies that exhibit little or no flame spread, short times to flame extinction and little mass lossin this test are likely to exhibit improved performance

30、in an actual fire situation compared to seat assemblies that burn vigorouslyand have high mass loss.5.7 This test is primarily useful to distinguish products that, when exposed to these fire conditions, will become fully involvedin fire from other products that will not.6. Apparatus: Test Chamber6.1

31、 GeneralThe test chamber shall be either an actual section of a school bus or it shall comply with the cross sectionrequirements of 6.2.2. Fig. 1 describes the test chamber.6.2 Cross Section:6.2.1 Use a test chamber that has the same cross section as the body of an actual school bus, in which the se

32、ats are intendedto be used, with a rear section on each end.6.2.2 The test chamber cross section shall be 2300 6 30 mm 91 6 1 in. in width by 1900 6 80 mm 75 6 3 in. in height.6.3 The test chamber shall have a door, which is not intended for use to provide ventilation, in the center of each end of t

33、hetest chamber. The door shall be 970 6 80 mm 38 6 3 in. in width by 1270 6 80 mm 53 6 3 in. in height and it shall includea latch to keep the door closed during the test. See Fig. 1.6.4 LengthThe length of the test chamber shall be such as to allow three rows of seats at the minimum spacing recomme

34、ndedby the installer or as required by FMVSS 222. See Fig. 1, Detail A.6.4.1 In order for different types of seats to be able to be tested in the same chamber, a length tolerance of plus 1140 mm 45in. shall be allowed.6.5 VentilationThere shall be two ventilation openings in the test chamber, one at

35、 each end. Each opening shall have anopening area of 0.210 6 0.016 m2 325 6 25 in.2. The bottom of the opening shall be 760 6 80 mm 30 6 3 in. above thechamber floor.FIG. 1 Test ChamberE2574/E2574M 1736.5.1 There shall be no ventilation openings along the length of the test chamber.6.5.2 There shall

36、 be no forced air ventilation system. Baffles shall be used to prevent wind from blowing directly into theventilation openings.6.6 Camera View AreaAviewing area (such as an opening covered with a glazing material) shall be provided at the midpointof the chamber length for camera viewing. The opening

37、 shall allow the camera to view the seat parallel to the seat width. See Fig.1.7. Ignition Sources7.1 Top of the Seat:7.1.1 For the top of the seat use the square gas burner described in Figs. 2-7.NOTE 1This is essentially the same burner used in Test Method E1537, except for the arm.7.1.2 Construct

38、 the 250 6 10 by 250 6 10 mm approximately 10 by 10 in. square burner of 13 6 1 mm 0.5 in. outsidediameter stainless steel tubing, with 0.89 6 0.05 mm 0.035 in. wall thickness (see Fig. 2). The front side shall have 14 holespointing straight out and spaced 13 6 1 mm 0.5 in. apart and nine holes poin

39、ting straight down and spaced 13 6 1 mm 0.5 in.apart.The right and left sides shall have six holes pointing straight out and spaced 1361 mm 0.5 in. apart and four holes pointinginward at a 45 angle and spaced 50 6 2 mm 2 in. apart. All holes shall be of 1 6 0.05 mm 0.039 in. diameter (see Fig. 2,Fig

40、. 3 and Fig. 4). The burner shall have an arm 288 6 10 mm 11.3 6 0.4 in. long and welded on to the rear of the front side(see Fig. 3) at a 30 angle. The arm shall then include a vertical length before extending horizontally for a length appropriate forthe stand being used (see Figs. 5-7). Mount the

41、burner on an adjustable height pole at a height of 460 6 13 mm 18 6 0.5 in.and balance it by a counterweight or other appropriate mechanism (see Fig. 4).NOTE 2WarningIt is common for the burner holes to become clogged up following a test. Inspect burner holes after each test, and cleanthoroughly, if

42、 required. Take care not to enlarge the holes when cleaning them.NOTE 1All tubing 13 mm outside diameter, stainless steel, 0.89 mm wall thickness.NOTE 2All holes 1 mm in diameter.NOTE 3All units are mm unless otherwise noted.NOTE 4See text for tolerances.FIG. 2 Plan View of Square Gas BurnerE2574/E2

43、574M 1747.2 Under the Seat:7.2.1 For use underneath the seat the ignition source shall be a gas burner with a nominal 305 by 305 mm nominal 12 by 12in. porous top surface as shown in Fig. 8. This material, through which the gas is supplied, shall be a minimum 102 mm 4 in.layer of white Ottawa sand u

44、sed to provide the horizontal surface through which the gas is supplied.FIG. 3 Side View of Square Gas BurnerFIG. 4 Cross-sectional View of Each Side of Square Gas BurnerFIG. 5 Top Burner Placement Side ViewE2574/E2574M 175NOTE 3This is the same burner used in Test Method E2257 and in NFPA 286.FIG.

45、6 Top Burner Placement Rear ViewFIG. 7 Top Burner Placement Front ViewFIG. 8 Ignition Burner for Use Under SeatE2574/E2574M 1767.2.2 The top surface of the burner through which the gas is applied shall be located horizontally 300 6 50 mm 12 6 2 in.above the floor.7.3 For both ignition sources use pr

46、opane gas, with a known net heat of combustion of 2050 6 50 kJ/mol, as a fuel for thisignition source. Meter the flow rate of propane and keep it constant throughout the test.7.4 For both ignition sources, use the gas burner at a flow rate of 19.5 6 0.25 L/min for a total of 120 s. Measure the gas f

47、lowrate at a pressure of 101 6 5 kPa (standard atmospheric pressure, measured at the flow gage) and a temperature of 20 6 5C.8. Mass Measurements8.1 Use a balance that is capable of assessing the mass of the test specimen and of the individual test specimen components witha precision of 6150 g.8.2 C

48、alibrate the balance regularly to ensure its accuracy.9. Test Specimens9.1 The test specimen shall be a fully-assembled seat.9.2 Measure the weight of all padding and upholstery prior to assembly.9.3 Measure the weight of the non-combustible components of the seat (steel frame, etc.). Record this we

49、ight.9.4 Record the weight of the fully-assembled seat. This shall be done in one of two ways: (a) weighing the complete seatassembly or (b) weighing each component separately and calculating the total weight by summing the weight of each of thecombustible and non-combustible components.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Prior to running each trial, ensure that the test chamber is clean and free of debris.11. Conditioning11.1 Condition specimens to equilibrium (constant weight) at an ambient temperature of 23