1、Designation: E2580 12Standard Practice forUltrasonic Testing of Flat Panel Composites and SandwichCore Materials Used in Aerospace Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2580; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice establishes two procedures for ultrasonictesting (UT) of flat panel com
3、posites and flat sandwich corepanels (parallel surfaces). Typical as-fabricated lay-ups includeuniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates; as well as honey-comb sandwich core materials. These procedures can be usedthroughout the life cycle of the materials; product and processdesign optimization, o
4、n line process control, after manufactureinspection, and in service inspection. Contact methods such asangle-beam techniques using shear waves, or surface-beamtechniques using Lamb waves, are not discussed.1.2 Ultrasonic testing is a common sub surface method fordetection of laminar oriented discont
5、inuities. Two techniquescan be considered based on panel surface accessibility; pulseecho for one sided and through transmission (bubblers/squirters) for two sided. As used in this practice, both requirethe use of a pulsed straight-beam ultrasonic longitudinal wavefollowed by observing indications o
6、f either the reflected(pulse-echo) or received (through transmission) wave. Thegeneral types of anomalies detected by both techniques includeforeign materials, delamination, disbond/un-bond, fiber de-bonding, inclusions, porosity, and voids.1.3 This practice provides two ultrasonic test procedures.E
7、ach has its own merits and requirements for inspection andshall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.1.3.1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo (non-contacting andcontacting), is at a minimum a single transducer transmittingand receiving a longitudinal wave in the range of 0.5 to 20MHz (see
8、Fig. 1). This procedure requires access to only oneside of the specimen. This procedure can be conducted byautomated or manual means. Automated and manual testresults may be imaged or recorded.1.3.2 Test Procedure B, Through Transmission, is a combi-nation of two transducers. One transmits a longitu
9、dinal waveand the other receives the longitudinal wave in the range of 0.5MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 2). This procedure requires access toboth sides of the specimen. This procedure is automated andthe examination results are recorded.1.4 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria.1.5 This st
10、andard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1
11、 ASTM Standards:2C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich ConstructionsD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD5687/D5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat CompositePanels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-tionE114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-BeamContact TestingE543 Speci
12、fication for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-ReinforcedPolymer-Matrix Composite Materials in DatabasesE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials in Database
13、sE1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and CoreMaterials in Computerized Material Property Databases2.2 SAE Standards:3ARP 5605 Solid Composite Laminate NDI Reference Stan-dards, Issued 2001-09ARP 5606 Composite Honeycomb NDI Reference Stan-dards, Issued 2001-092.3 AIA Standard:41This p
14、ractice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 onUltrasonic Method.Current edition approved June 15, 2012. Published July 2012. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E2580 - 07
15、. DOI:10.1520/E2580-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Society of Automotive
16、Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.4Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this stan
17、dard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NAS-410 Nondestructive Testing Certification of Personnel2.4 ASNT Standards:5SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive TestingA
18、NSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication or Nondestructive Testing Personnel3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology in accordance with Termi-nologies C274, E1316, and D3878 shall be used whereapplicable.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:5Available fromAmerican
19、Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.FIG. 1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo Apparatus Set-upFIG. 2 Test Procedure B, Through Transmission Apparatus Set-upE2580 1223.2.1 flat panel composite, nany fiber reinforced compo
20、s-ite lay-up consisting of laminate (plies) with one or moreorientations with respect to some reference direction that areconsolidated by press or autoclave to yield a two-dimensionally flat article of finite thickness.3.2.2 sandwich core material, na structural panel made upof two relatively thin o
21、uter skins of composite laminate orother material, such as metal or wood, separated by and bondedto a relatively thick lightweight inner core such as honeycomb,open and close cell foam, wave formed material, bondedcomposite tubes, or naturally occurring material such as balsawood.4. Summary of Pract
22、ice4.1 This practice describes two procedures for detectinganomalies in flat panel composite and flat sandwich core panelsusing ultrasonic longitudinal waves coupled by either contact(Procedure A) or bubbler/squirter (Procedure B). Equipment,reference blocks, examination and evaluation procedures, a
23、nddocumentation are described in detail.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended primarily for the testing of flatpanel composites and sandwich core panels to an acceptancecriteria most typically specified in a purchase order or othercontractual document.5.2 Basis of ApplicationThere are
24、 areas in this practicethat require agreement between the cognizant engineeringorganization and the supplier, or specific direction from thecognizant engineering organization.6. Basis of Application6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or referencing
25、 this standard.6.2 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the Contractualagreement, personnel performing examinations to this standardshall be qualified in accordance with a nationally or interna-tionally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice orstandard such asANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A,
26、NAS-410,or similar document and certified by the employer or certifyingagency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and itsapplicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agree-ment between the using parties.6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive AgenciesIf specifiedin the contractua
27、l agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualifiedand evaluated as described in Specification E543. The appli-cable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in thecontractual agreement.6.4 Surface PreparationThe pre-examination surfacepreparation criteria shall be in accordance with 8.4, unlessoth
28、erwise specified.6.5 Timing of ExaminationThe timing of examinationshall be in accordance with 8.2 and 8.3, unless otherwisespecified.6.6 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of examination shallbe in accordance with 8.5 unless otherwise specified.6.7 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaReporting cri-t
29、eria for the examination results shall be in accordance with14.1 unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria (forexample, for reference radiographs) are not specified in thisstandard, they shall be specified in the contractual agreement.6.8 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked ItemsReexamina
30、tion of repaired/reworked items is not addressed inthis standard and if required shall be specified in the contrac-tual agreement.7. Equipment and Materials7.1 Equipment7.1.1 OperationTest equipment shall be capable of pro-viding uniform, repeatable, and controlled operation.7.1.2 Electronic Equipme
31、ntThe electronic equipmentshould be capable of producing and processing electronicsignals at frequencies in the range of search unit frequenciesbeing used.7.1.3 Search Unit(s)The search unit(s) selected should becompatible with the electronic equipment being used and withthe material to be inspected
32、. The search unit should match theintended squirter(s) or contact. Only straight-beam (longitudi-nal) search units, with flat or focused acoustic lenses, should beused.7.1.4 AlarmThe alarm or threshold level should be ad-justable to allow triggering at any commonly required level ofindication amplit
33、ude. Alarms are not required on systems thatrecord amplitude recordings.7.1.5 Alarm Gate SynchronizationIn the pulse echo modeensure that the alarm gate tracks the inspection area. The gateshould lock on the first interface pulse from the test piece ratherthan on the initial pulse from the system. I
34、n the throughtransmission mode the alarm gate should be wide enough tocover any negative or positive movement (left to right) in thehorizontal plane.7.1.6 Manipulating Equipment should be provided to ad-equately support the search tube(s) and allow angular adjust-ment in two mutually perpendicular p
35、lanes. The search unitmanipulator shall be capable of providing the adjustmentsnecessary to properly position the search unit during testing.The scanning and indexing apparatus should have sufficientstructural rigidity to provide support for the manipulator andshould allow smooth, accurate positioni
36、ng of the search unit.The scanning apparatus should be sufficiently rigid to keepsearch unit backlash to within tolerances as specified in thecontractual agreement.7.1.7 Tank or Gantry SystemThe tank or gantry systemshould permit accurate positioning of the search unit, referencestandards, and part
37、or material to be examined.7.1.8 SquirterThe squirter equipment shall be capable ofsupplying a laminar flow of coupling fluid from the transducerto the part being tested at all angles used.7.1.9 Scan-RecordThe recording shall not exhibit back-lash or hysteresis that would hinder detection or evaluat
38、ion ofdiscontinuities.7.1.10 Composite Reference BlocksFor the applicabletesting system the responses from reference block and partshall be similar to the extent that standardization of the testingsystem can be accomplished and demonstrated to provide aknown and acceptable detection level in the par
39、t. ReferenceE2580 123blocks contain either structural anomalies or foreign inclu-sions. Structural anomalies are those that are known to bepossible during the life cycle of the material. Debonding duringmanufacturing or delamination during in-service may be rep-resented by the block. Foreign inclusi
40、ons most commonlyencountered during manufacturing are used in the referenceblocks.7.1.11 Transfer CutoutsWhen non-contact through-transmission is used transfer cutouts may be used in lieu ofreference blocks when agreed upon contractually. The size ofthe transfer cutouts shall be agreed contractually
41、. The transfercutouts must provide sufficient attenuation to simulate voids orunbonds in the part. Transfer cutouts shall be attached to thepart and be placed to cover changes in part configuration andalignment.7.2 Materials:7.2.1 Flat Panel SpecimensProcessing guidelines thatfacilitate fabrication
42、of flat panel composite specimens madefrom unidirectional tape or using orthogonal weave patterns arefound in Guide D5687/D5687M. For specimen preparationusing other processing techniques, for example, pultrusion,filament winding and resin transfer molding, processing guide-lines are not available a
43、nd shall be agreed upon by the usingparties.7.2.2 Sandwich Core SpecimensProcessing guidelines forfabrication of sandwich construction specimens are diverse andshall be agreed upon by the using parties.7.2.3 Transfer CutoutsTransfer cutouts shall be made oftwo layers of lead foil tape cut to size.7.
44、2.4 CouplantsImmersion and contact couplants shallprovide intimate coupling between search unit and part; shallbe compatible with the part; and shall be easily removed fromthe part using an applicable cleaning process.8. General Requirements8.1 In-process testing of flat panel composite or honeycomb
45、structure shall be conducted using automated equipment ca-pable of electronically recording the test output or manualcontact during indication evaluation. There shall be a directcorrelation of the electronic recording and the tested specimen.Transducer frequency shall be determined by the materialsa
46、pparent attenuation and the required acceptance criteria. Scanincrement shall be set to provide three ultrasonic signalviolations from the standard at the specified threshold level.8.2 In-service testing shall be conducted using manualcontact techniques, these tests are for the determination ofsuspe
47、cted areas of damage. Testing shall be conducted using areference standard. This reference standard shall be of the sameconfiguration as the test specimen or as agreed upon contrac-tually. This reference standard shall be acoustically similar andcontain simulated or actual discontinuities.8.3 In-pro
48、cess testing of flat panel composites shall be forthe detection of foreign materials, delaminations, voids andporosity. In-process testing of honeycomb structures shall befor the detection of non-bonds between the face sheets andcore. In-service testing of flat panel composites shall be for thedetec
49、tion of damage such as delaminations. In-service testingof honeycomb structure shall be for unbond between the facesheet and core.8.4 Material ConditionPerform ultrasonic testing of partsor materials that possess a clean and smooth surface.8.5 CoverageIn all examinations, perform scanning tolocate discontinuities that are oriented parallel with the entrysurface. The index increment shall be such that the targetsimulated anomaly registers three times at a contractuallyagreed upon threshold.8.6 Ultrasonic FrequencyFor a particular test select thefrequen
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