1、Designation: E2589 11Standard Terminology Relating toNonsieving Methods of Powder Characterization1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2589; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONParticle size distribution, surface area, and other forms of particle analysis have been commonlyadopted methods of verifying compl
3、iance with desired particle specifications for some time. Greateremphasis is now being placed on inter- and intralaboratory correlation of all particle measurementsystems.To ensure a better understanding of the comparison of testing results from particle measurementsystems, terminology relating to t
4、he measurements must be clearly defined and documented so thatboth the recipient and generator of the data are in full agreement as to the meaning of the data. Everyeffort has been made here to ensure accuracy, precision, and clarity for the terms included in thisterminology document. For Committee
5、E29, this is an ongoing process with new terms beingdeveloped and defined for future inclusion. Suggestions and comments for additions, corrections, andrevisions are welcomed.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers the definitions of terms used inthe description and procedures of analysis of particulate
6、materials not ordinarily analyzed using test sieves. The termsrelate directly to the equipment used in analysis, the physicalforms of the materials to be analyzed, and selected descriptivedata reduction and analysis formats.1.2 Committee E29 on Particle and Spray Characterizationbelieves that it is
7、essential to include terms and definitionsexplicit to the committees scope, regardless of whether theterms appear in existing ASTM standards. Terms that are incommon usage and appear in common-language dictionariesare generally not included, unless they have specific meaningsin the context of partic
8、le characterization different from thecommon-language definitions.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2578 Practice for Calculation of Mean Sizes/Diametersand Standard Deviations of Particle Size Distributions3. Significance and Use3.1 Interpretation and use of data generated by particlechar
9、acterization methods is highly dependent on the definitionsof terms describing that data. It is extremely important thatthose terms be defined in precisely the same way both whencomparing data from different characterization techniques andeven when correlating data from the same technique.3.2 It is
10、likewise important that users of particle character-ization methods and the data generated therefrom understandthe principles of the methods, so that differences and similari-ties in the data can be interpreted in relation to those principles.That understanding can help to avoid disagreements when d
11、atafrom different characterization methods are compared.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E29 on Particleand Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E29.02on Non-Sieving Methods.Current edition approved April 1, 2011. Published May 2011. Or
12、iginallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2589 09a. DOI:10.1520/E2589-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Do
13、cument Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.3 The definitions contained in this terminology will aid inthe interpretation of particle characterization data with respectto the method(s) use
14、d to produce that data.4. Terminologyarea, A, nin image analysis, sum of pixels representing abinary object.aspect ratio, nin image analysis, ratio of the maximum tothe minimum dimensions as determined by the technique.binarization, nin image analysis, process of reducing adigital image to a binary
15、image.binary object, nin image analysis, set of connected binarypixels representing the two dimensional projection of aparticle.binary image, nin image analysis, image formed by an arrayof pixels having only two possible values, representingobjects and background, as a result of binarization. Synony
16、-mous with binary plane and bitplane.blind pore, nopen pore having only a single connection withan external surface.convex perimeter, PC, nin image analysis, total length ofline segments connecting the Feret tangent points around abinary object.DISCUSSIONThis is the perimeter that would be obtained
17、if a rubberband was stretched around the object.cumulative distribution, nthe representation of the totalfraction of the population, expressed as either mass-,volume-, area-, or number-based, that is greater than or lessthan discrete size values.dispersion, nsystem consisting of particles distribute
18、d in asolid, liquid, or gas.dynamic image analysis, nparticle size and shape analysisusing computer image analysis techniques oninstantaneously-captured still-frame projected images of par-ticles in motion.DISCUSSIONSome instruments use a moving measurement appara-tus on static particles.electrical
19、sensing zone analysis, nparticle size analysis inwhich particles suspended in a conductive liquid mediumpass through a narrow orifice in an insulating materialseparating two electrodes. Each traversing particle generatesan electrical signal proportional to its volume.electrical sensing zone equivale
20、nt spherical diameter,ndiameter of a hypothetical spherical particle that whensuspended in a conducting fluid would yield the sameelectrical signal as the particle under analysis.emulsion, na system that consists of one liquid dispersed inanother.equivalent aerodynamic diameter, nthe diameter of a u
21、nitdensity sphere that has the same inertial properties as theparticle under analysis, under the same conditionsequivalent area diameter, D, nin image analysis, diameterof a circle having the same area as the binary object.Synonymous with circular diameter, equivalent diameter,and equivalent circula
22、r diameter.equivalent spherical diameter, ndiameter of a sphere thathas the same geometrical characteristics (projected area,volume, etc.) or the same behavior (settling, light scattering,etc.) as the particle under analysis.equivalent Stokes diameter, nthe diameter of a sphere ofthe same density as
23、 the particle under analysis, undergoingthe same limiting velocity when moving in the same mediumunder laminar flow conditions.equivalent surface area diameter, nthe diameter of asphere that has the same surface area as the particle underanalysis.equivalent volume diameter, ndiameter of a sphere tha
24、t hasthe same volume as the particle under analysis.Feret diameter, F, ndistance between two parallel tangentson opposite side of a binary object. Synonymous with Feretdimension.frequency distribution, nthe representation of the relativefractions of a particle size distribution represented by (orass
25、ociated with) discrete size values (recognizing that anindividual value may represent a range of values).maximum Feret diameter, Fmax, nlongest Feret dimensionfound for a binary object. Synonymous with maximum Feretdimension.DISCUSSIONRefer to Fig. 1 for clarity.mean particle size, na measure of the
26、 central tendency of aparticle size distribution, according to the Moment-Ratio(M-R) definition system of Practice E2578.DISCUSSIONThe mean particle size may be related to the number,surface area, volume, or other particle characteristic, depending onwhich moments of the distribution are used in its
27、 calculation. (See, forexample, Table 1 in Practice E2578.)median particle size, nthe particle size at which half thedistribution (by mass, volume, number, etc.) is larger thanand half smaller than the stated size.minimum Feret diameter, Fmin, nshortest Feret dimensionfound for a binary object. Syno
28、nymous with minimum Feretdimension.DISCUSSIONRefer to Fig. 2 for clarity.mode, na particle size at which the frequency distributionexhibits a maximum.DISCUSSION Many particle size distributions exhibit multiple localmaxima. For such multimodal distributions (bimodal, trimodal, and soforth), one migh
29、t speak of several modes of the distribution, meaningeach of the local maxima. However, the normal meaning of mode is toindicate the global maximum of the distribution, the size at which themaximum quantity of material is found.monodisperse, adjdescribing a group of particles that allFIG. 1 Maximum
30、Feret Diameter, FmaxE2589 112have the same size or other physical property.open pore, ncavity or channel with access to an externalsurface.particle, na small discrete unit of matter.particle size, none or more dimensions of an individualparticle in terms of the defined size basis.particle size distr
31、ibution, nsee frequency distribution andcumulative distribution.perimeter, P, nin image analysis, Sum of pixels forming theouter boundary of a binary object.DISCUSSIONThe measurement of perimeter is highly dependent onthe image quality, optical and digital resolution, magnification, andimage analysi
32、s software.pixel (from picture element), pix, nsmallest spatial unit ofa digital image.DISCUSSIONPixels must be calibrated to express measurements indimensional units.pore, ncavity or channel within a particle, powder, or solidbody.pore size distribution, ndistribution of measured porevolume, area,
33、or number versus pore size, which may be thediameter of a cylindrical or spherical pore, the distancebetween opposite walls of a slit, or some other lineardimension describing the pore opening.porosity, nratio of total pore volume to apparent totalvolume of a particle, powder, or solid body.primary
34、particle, na discrete unit, itself bound togetheronly by strong atomic or molecular forces, in a collection ofparticles that may be bound together by other, weaker,cohesive forces.roundness, R, nin image analysis, ratio of a binary objectsarea to the area of a circle having a diameter equal to thema
35、ximum Feret diameter of the object.DISCUSSIONRefer to Fig. 3 and Eq 1 for clarity:R 5AAC54 Ap Fmax2(1)where:R = roundness,A = area,AC= theoretical area of a circle having a diameter equalto the maximum Feret diameter,Fmax= maximum Feret diameter.sedimentation analysis, nparticle size analysis whereS
36、tokes Law or Newtons Law is used to relate the size ofparticles to their motion in a specified medium, at a specifiedtemperature.static light scattering equivalent spherical diameter,ndiameter of a hypothetical spherical particle with speci-fied properties that scatters light in the same manner as t
37、heparticle under analysis.static light scattering particle size analysis, nparticle sizeanalysis using the relation of particle diameter to the spatialintensity pattern of light scattered by particles illuminated bylight under specific conditions.surface area, nextent of surface of a particulate sys
38、temincluding accessible internal surfaces.5. Keywords5.1 nonsieving methods; particle; particle characterization;particle measurement; particle size; particulate; powder; pow-der characterization; surface areaThis standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and
39、 must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of
40、 theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
41、C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).FIG. 2 Minimum Feret Diameter, FminFIG. 3 Roundness, RE2589 113
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