1、Designation: E2600 10Standard Guide forVapor Encroachment Screening on Property Involved inReal Estate Transactions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2600; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 PurposeThe purpose of this guide is to providepractical guidance and a useful process for conducting a vaporencroa
3、chment screen (VES) on a property parcel involved in areal estate transaction in the United States of America withrespect to chemicals of concern (COC) that may migrate asvapors onto a property as a result of contaminated soil andgroundwater on or near the property. This guide may be usedin conjunct
4、ion with Practice E1527 but does not alter or in anyway define the scope of that practice. In addition, performanceof this guide is not a requirement of and does not constitute,expand, or in any way define “all appropriate inquiry” asdefined and approved by the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (E
5、PA) under the Comprehensive Environmental Re-sponse, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and theregulations there under, including 40 CFR Sec. 312.11.1.1.1 Vapor Encroachment Condition (VEC)The goal ofconducting a VES, as established by this guide, on a parcel ofproperty is to identify a vapor
6、encroachment condition (VEC),which is the presence or likely presence of COC vapors in thesub-surface of the target property (TP) caused by the release ofvapors from contaminated soil or groundwater either on or nearthe TP as identified by Tier 1 (see Section 8) or Tier 2 (seeSection 9) procedures.1
7、.1.2 Federal, State, and Local Environmental LawsThisguide does not address requirements of any federal, state, orlocal laws with respect to vapor intrusion. Users are cautionedthat federal, state, and local laws, regulations, or policy mayimpose vapor encroachment screening or vapor intrusionassess
8、ment obligations that are beyond the scope of this guide(information is provided in Appendix X5 and Appendix X9).Users should also be aware that there may be other legalobligations, for example, disclosure, with regard to COC orCOC vapors discovered on the TP that are not addressed in thisguide.1.1.
9、3 DocumentationThe scope of this guide includesinvestigation and reporting actions. Sufficient documentationof all sources, records, and resources used in the investigationprocedures that are set out in this guide should be provided inthe VES report (refer to Section 10).1.2 ObjectivesObjectives gui
10、ding the development of thisguide are: (1) to synthesize and put into writing a practicalguide for conducting a VES on a property involved in a realestate transaction and (2) to provide that the process to screenfor a VEC is practical and reasonable.1.3 Considerations Outside the ScopeThe use of thi
11、sguide is strictly limited to the scope set forth in this section.Section 11 of this guide identifies, for informational purposes,certain tasks (not an all-inclusive list) that may be conductedon a property that are beyond the scope of this guide but thatmay warrant consideration by parties to a rea
12、l estate transac-tion. Whether to include an investigation of any such condi-tions in the environmental professionals scope of servicesshould be evaluated by the user and should be agreed uponbetween the user and environmental professional as additionalservices beyond the scope of this guide before
13、initiation of aPhase I ESA conducted in conjunction with a VES or initiationof an independent VES.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and are no
14、t considered standard.1.5 Organization of This GuideThis guide has elevensections and nine appendices. The appendices are included forinformational purposes and are not part of the proceduresprescribed in this guide.Section 1 contains the scope of the guide.Section 2 includes the referenced document
15、s.Section 3 has definitions of terms pertinent to this guide, terms usedin this guide but defined in Practice E1527, and acronyms.Section 4 is directed at the significance and use of this guide.Section 5 discusses the relationship between this guide and PracticeE1527.Section 6 describes the users re
16、sponsibilities under this guide.Sections 7-10 consist of the main body of the VES process, includingevaluation and report preparation.Section 11 provides information regarding non-scope considerations(see 1.3).Appendix X1 provides legal background in support of vapor encroach-ment screening.1This gu
17、ide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.02 on Real Estate Assessment and Management.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originallyapproved in 200
18、8. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E2600 08. DOI:10.1520/E260010.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Appendix X2 provides guidance on suggested qualifications for the envi-ronmental professional conducting the V
19、ES.Appendix X3 provides a sample questionnaire for the environmental pro-fessional to obtain pertinent information for the VES fromthe property owner/operator/occupants.Appendix X4 provides a recommended table of contents and report for-mat for the VES investigation when not incorporated into aPhase
20、 I ESA report.Appendix X5 includes a listing of federal and state agency web sites thatdiscuss vapor intrusion assessment policies and guidance.Appendix X6 includes a list of typical chemicals of concern.Appendix X7 provides general guidance for vapor intrusion assessmentand mitigation.Appendix X8 p
21、rovides general guidance and references for data collec-tion in the conduct of vapor intrusion investigations.Appendix X9 provides a supplemental bibliography of federal and statevapor intrusion guidance and other publications that mayassist the environmental professional conducting a VES orvapor in
22、trusion assessment.1.6 This guide does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.7 Th
23、is guide cannot replace education or experience andshould be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Notall aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circum-stances. This ASTM guide is not intended to represent orreplace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a givenprofessional
24、service must be judged, nor should this guide beapplied without consideration of a projects many uniqueaspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that theguide has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1527 Practice for Environmental S
25、ite Assessments: PhaseI Environmental Site Assessment Process2.2 Federal Statutes:42 U.S.C. U.S. Code, Title 42, The Public Health andWelfare, Solid Waste Disposal, Identification and Listingof Hazardous Wastes, 6901, 6903, 6921; 42 U.S.C. U.S.Code, Title 42, Comprehensive Environmental Response,Com
26、pensation and Liability Act, 9605, 9601, et seq.2.3 USEPA Documents:40 CFR Title 40, Protection of Environment, Chapter 1,Environmental Protection Agency, Parts 300, 302, 312,355, et seq.2.4 Other Documents:NTP National Toxicology Program, “Annual Report onCarcinogens,” (latest edition)IARC Internat
27、ionalAgency for Research on Cancer “Mono-graphs” (latest editions)NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth, “Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Sub-stances”3. Terminology3.1 This section provides definitions and descriptions ofterms used in this guide and of terms used in this g
28、uideextracted from Practice E1527 (some of which have beenmodified to be consistent with this guide), and a list ofacronyms for keywords used in this guide. The terms are anintegral part of this guide and are critical to an understandingof the guide and its use.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to T
29、his Standard:3.2.1 approximate minimum search distance, ndefined insubsections 8.3.1 and 8.3.2 and is also the area of concern(AOC).3.2.2 aquifer, nrock or sediment in a formation, a groupof formations, or part of a formation that is saturated andsufficiently permeable to transmit water to wells or
30、springs.3.2.3 area of concern (AOC), ndefined in subsections8.2.1, 8.3.1, and 8.3.2 and is also the approximate minimumsearch distance.3.2.4 biodegradation, nprocess by which microbial or-ganisms transform or alter (through metabolic, enzymatic, orother action) the structure of chemicals present in
31、the environ-ment.3.2.5 chemical(s) of concern, COC, nchemical that ispresent in the subsurface environment and can potentiallymigrate as a vapor into the sub-surface of the TP.3.2.5.1 DiscussionCOC generally meet specific criteriafor volatility and toxicity and include volatile organic com-pounds, s
32、emi-volatile organic compounds, petroleum hydro-carbons, and volatile inorganic analytes (such as mercury).Common COC are presented in Appendix X6.3.2.6 conduit, npreferential pathway along which vaporsreleased from contaminated soil or groundwater may migrateonto the TP.3.2.7 contaminant, nany phys
33、ical, chemical, biological,or radiological substance or matter that has an adverse effect onair, water, or soil.3.2.8 contaminated plume, nplume in which concentra-tions of COC are known to be present in the soil or ground-water or both at concentrations exceeding levels that generallywould be the s
34、ubject of an enforcement action if brought to theattention of appropriate governmental agencies.3.2.8.1 DiscussionA contaminated plume can take theform of a groundwater contaminated plume or a soil contami-nated plume. In a groundwater contaminated plume, COC areconveyed as solutes away from the poi
35、nt at which they wereintroduced into groundwater. They move with the migratinggroundwater mass in the direction of groundwater flow. Whendispersion within the groundwater contaminated plume bringsa dissolved COC to the groundwater-soil gas interface, theCOC may transition from the dissolved state to
36、 the vapor stateand migrate from groundwater into soil gas in the vadose zone.Once a COC gets into soil gas in the vadose zone, its migrationmay no longer be dependent on or related to groundwatermovement. In a soil contaminated plume, COC volatilizedfrom the soil mix freely with soil gas that exist
37、s within soilvoids in the vadose zone. COC in the soil gas can also beintroduced from underlying contaminated groundwater, as aresult of a liquid spill into vadose zone soils, or by the direct2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at ser
38、viceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E2600 102release of vapors from a leaking underground source. Migra-tion of the COC contaminated soil gas through the vadose zonemay be in any direction; however, it pre
39、ferentially follows thepath of least resistance. Fluctuations in barometric pressuremay cause movement of air and vapors into and out of thevadose zone through preferential pathways.3.2.9 contaminated property, nproperty on which soil orgroundwater or both contains chemicals of concern (COC) atconce
40、ntrations exceeding levels that generally would be thesubject of an enforcement action if brought to the attention ofappropriate governmental agencies.3.2.10 critical distance, ndefined in subsection 9.2.3.2.11 dwelling, nstructure or portion thereof used forresidential habitation.3.2.12 environment
41、al professional, nperson meeting theeducation, training, and experience requirements as set forth in40 CFR 312.10(b), which is the requirement set forth inPractice E1527 (see subsection 3.3.5).3.2.13 findings, ndefined in subsection 10.2.2.3.2.14 fracture, nbreak in a rock formation.3.2.14.1 Discuss
42、ionFaults, shears, joints, and planes offracture cleavage are all types of fractures.3.2.15 groundwater, nwater contained in the pore spacesof saturated geologic media.3.2.16 Henrys law, nrelationship between the partialpressure of a compound in air and the concentration of thatcompound in water und
43、er equilibrium conditions; Henrys lawconstants are temperature dependent.3.2.17 hydrocarbon, nchemical compound composedonly of carbon and hydrogen atoms.3.2.18 moisture content (of soil), namount of water lostfrom soil upon drying to a constant weight expressed as theweight per unit weight of dry s
44、oil or as the volume of water perunit bulk volume of the soil.3.2.18.1 DiscussionFor a fully saturated medium, mois-ture content expressed as a volume fraction equals the porosity.3.2.19 nonaqueous phase liquid, NAPL, nsubstances thatdo not dissolve readily in water and that remain in the originalbu
45、lk liquid form in the subsurface.3.2.19.1 DiscussionLight NAPL (LNAPL), such as gaso-line, is less dense than water and can accumulate above thewater table, while dense NAPL (DNAPL), such as manychlorinated solvents, including trichloroethylene and perchlo-roethylene, are more dense than water and c
46、an penetrate intothe water table.3.2.20 permeability, nqualitative description of the rela-tive ease with which rock, soil, or sediment will transmit a fluid(that is, a liquid or gas).3.2.21 petroleum, ncrude oil or any fraction thereof that isliquid at standard conditions of temperature and pressur
47、e (60Fat 14.7 psia).3.2.21.1 DiscussionThe term includes substances com-prised of a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from crudeoil through the process of separation, conversion, upgrading,and finishing, such as motor fuels, jet oils, lubricants, andpetroleum solvents, and also includes used oil
48、s.3.2.22 petroleum hydrocarbon chemicals of concern, nforthe purpose of this guide, those volatile petroleum hydrocarboncompounds that are a subset of COC and that readily biode-grade to carbon dioxide and water by soil microbes in aeratedenvironments.3.2.22.1 DiscussionPetroleum hydrocarbon chemica
49、ls ofconcern may be present in several forms in environmentalmedia, including adsorbed to soil, as constituents of LNAPLabove the water table, as dissolved solutes in groundwater, oras vapors in soil gas.3.2.23 Phase I environmental site assessment, ESA,nprocess described in Practice E1527.3.2.24 porosity, nvolume fraction of a rock or unconsoli-dated sediment not occupied by solid material but usuallyoccupied by liquids, gas, and/or air.3.2.25 preferential pathway, npathway that has the leastamount of constraint on the migration of CO
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