1、Designation: E2600 15Standard Guide forVapor Encroachment Screening on Property Involved inReal Estate Transactions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2600; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 PurposeThe purpose of this guide is to providepractical guidance and a useful process for conducting a vaporencroa
3、chment screen (VES) on a property parcel involved in areal estate transaction in the United States of America withrespect to chemicals of concern (COC) that may migrate asvapors into the vadose zone of a property as a result ofcontaminated soil and/or groundwater on or near the property.This guide m
4、ay be used in conjunction with Practice E1527 butdoes not alter or in any way define the scope of that practice.In addition, performance of this guide is not a requirement ofand does not constitute, expand, or in any way define “allappropriate inquiry” as defined and approved by the U.S.Environmenta
5、l Protection Agency (EPA) under the Compre-hensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and LiabilityAct (CERCLA) and the regulations there under, including 40CFR Sec. 312.11.1.1.1 Vapor Encroachment Condition (VEC)The goal ofconducting a VES, as established by this guide, on a parcel ofproperty is
6、 to identify a vapor encroachment condition (VEC),which is the presence or likely presence of COC vapors in thevadose zone of the target property (TP) caused by the releaseof vapors from contaminated soil and/or groundwater either onor near the TP as identified by Tier 1 (see Section 8) or Tier 2(se
7、e Section 9) procedures.1.1.2 Federal, State, and Local Environmental LawsThisguide does not address requirements of any federal, state, orlocal laws with respect to vapor intrusion. Users are cautionedthat federal, state, and local laws, regulations, or policy mayimpose vapor encroachment screening
8、 or vapor intrusionassessment obligations that are beyond the scope of this guide(information is provided in Appendix X5 and Appendix X9).Users should also be aware that there may be other legalobligations, for example, disclosure, with regard to COC orCOC vapors discovered on the TP that are not ad
9、dressed in thisguide.1.1.3 DocumentationThe scope of this guide includesinvestigation and reporting actions. Sufficient documentationof all sources, records, and resources used in the investigationprocedures that are set out in this guide should be provided inthe VES report (refer to Section 10).1.2
10、 ObjectivesObjectives guiding the development of thisguide are: (1) to synthesize and put into writing a practicalguide for conducting a VES on a property involved in a realestate transaction and (2) to provide that the process to screenfor a VEC is practical and reasonable.1.3 Considerations Outsid
11、e the ScopeThe use of thisguide is strictly limited to the scope set forth in this section.Section 11 of this guide identifies, for informational purposes,certain tasks (not an all-inclusive list) that may be conductedon a property that are beyond the scope of this guide but thatmay warrant consider
12、ation by parties to a real estate transac-tion. Whether to include an investigation of any such condi-tions in the environmental professionals scope of servicesshould be evaluated by the user and should be agreed uponbetween the user and environmental professional as additionalservices beyond the sc
13、ope of this guide before initiation of aPhase I ESA conducted in conjunction with a VES or initiationof an independent VES.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forin
14、formation only and are not considered standard.1.5 Organization of this GuideThis guide has elevensections and nine appendices. The appendices are included forinformational purposes and are not part of the proceduresprescribed in this guide.Section 1 contains the scope of the guide.Section 2 include
15、s the referenced documents.Section 3 has definitions of terms pertinent to this guide, terms usedin this guide but defined in Practice E1527, and acronyms.Section 4 is directed at the significance and use of this guide.Section 5 discusses the relationship between this guide and PracticeE1527.Section
16、 6 describes the users responsibilities under this guide.Sections 710consist of the main body of the VES process, includingevaluation and report preparation.Section 11 provides information regarding non-scope considerations(see 1.3).1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on Envir
17、onmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.02 on Real Estate Assessment and Management.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originallyapproved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2600 10.
18、DOI:10.1520/E260015.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Appendix X1 provides legal background for vapor encroachment screen-ing.Appendix X2 provides guidance on suggested qualifications for the envi-ronmental professional
19、conducting the VES.Appendix X3 provides a sample questionnaire for the environmental pro-fessional to obtain pertinent information for the VES fromthe property owner/operator/occupants.Appendix X4 provides a recommended table of contents and report for-mat for the VES investigation when not incorpor
20、ated into aPhase I ESA report.Appendix X5 includes a listing of federal and state agency web sites thatdiscuss vapor intrusion assessment policies and guidance.Appendix X6 includes a list of chemicals of potential concern.Appendix X7 provides general guidance for vapor intrusion assessmentand mitiga
21、tion.Appendix X8 provides general guidance and references for data collec-tion in the conduct of vapor intrusion investigations.Appendix X9 provides a supplemental bibliography of federal and statevapor intrusion guidance and other publications that mayassist the environmental professional conductin
22、g a VES orvapor intrusion assessment.1.6 This guide does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations p
23、rior to use.1.7 This guide cannot replace education or experience andshould be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Notall aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circum-stances. This ASTM guide is not intended to represent orreplace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a
24、givenprofessional service must be judged, nor should this guide beapplied without consideration of a projects many uniqueaspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that theguide has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1527 Practice f
25、or Environmental SiteAssessments: Phase IEnvironmental Site Assessment ProcessE1903 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: PhaseII Environmental Site Assessment Process2.2 Federal Statutes:42 U.S.C. U.S. Code, Title 42, The Public Health andWelfare, Solid Waste Disposal, Identification and Lis
26、tingof Hazardous Wastes, 6901, 6903, 6921; 42 U.S.C. U.S.Code, Title 42, Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation and Liability Act, 9605, 9601, et seq.2.3 USEPA Documents:40 CFR Title 40, Protection of Environment, Chapter 1,Environmental Protection Agency, Parts 300, 302, 312,355, et seq.
27、OSWER Publication 9200.2-154, OSWER Technical Guidefor Assessing and Mitigating the Vapor Intrusion Pathwayfrom Subsurface Vapor Sources to Indoor Air, June 2015EPA 510-R-15-001, Technical Guide for Addressing Petro-leum Vapor Intrusion at Leaking Underground StorageTank Sites, June 20152.4 Other Do
28、cuments:NTP National Toxicology Program, “Annual Report onCarcinogens,” (latest edition)IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer “Mono-graphs” (latest editions)NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth, “Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Sub-stances”3. Terminology3.1 Thi
29、s section provides definitions and descriptions ofterms used in this guide, terms used in this guide extractedfrom Practice E1527 (some of which have been modified to beconsistent with this guide), and a list of acronyms for keywordsused in this guide. The terms are an integral part of this guideand
30、 are critical to an understanding of the guide and its use.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 approximate minimum search distance, ndefined insubsection 8.1.3 and also defines the default area of concern(AOC).3.2.2 aquifer, nrock or sediment in a formation, a group offormations
31、, or part of a formation that is saturated andsufficiently permeable to transmit water to wells or springs.3.2.3 area of concern (AOC), ndefined in subsections8.1.2, 8.1.3 and 8.1.4 and is defined by the approximateminimum search distance adjusted as appropriate. When theAOC is defined by the approx
32、imate minimum search distancewithout adjustment, the AOC is the default AOC.3.2.4 biodegradation, nprocess by which microbial or-ganisms transform or alter (through metabolic, enzymatic, orother action) the structure of chemicals present in the environ-ment.3.2.5 chemical(s) of concern, COC, nchemic
33、al that ispresent in the subsurface environment, has a vapor pressuregreater than 1 mm of mercury, or a Henrys Law Constantgreater than 110-5atm m3/mole at ambient temperature andpressure, and can potentially migrate as a vapor into the vadosezone of the TP.3.2.5.1 DiscussionCOC generally meet speci
34、fic criteriafor volatility (see 3.2.39) and toxicity (see 3.2.34) and includevolatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds,petroleum hydrocarbons, and volatile inorganic analytes (suchas mercury). A list of COC is presented in Appendix X6.Achemicals molecular weight has also been sugge
35、sted as acriterion for volatility (with a threshold of 200 g/mole).However, EPA indicated in its June 2015 Vapor IntrusionGuidance that it is not considering a chemicals molecularweight because molecular weight is only a weak predictor ofvolatility. Those chemicals with a molecular weight greatertha
36、n 200 g/mole are identified with an asterisk in Appendix X6.3.2.6 conduit, npreferential pathway along which vaporsreleased from contaminated soil and/or groundwater maymigrate onto the TP or away from the TP.3.2.7 contaminant, nany physical, chemical, biological, orradiological substance or matter
37、that has an adverse effect onair, water, or soil.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E2600 1523.2
38、.8 contaminated plume, nplume in which concentra-tions of COC are known to be present in the soil or ground-water or both at concentrations exceeding levels that generallywould be the subject of an enforcement action if brought to theattention of appropriate governmental agencies.3.2.8.1 DiscussionA
39、 contaminated plume can take theform of a groundwater contaminated plume or a soil contami-nated plume. In a groundwater contaminated plume, COC maybe conveyed as solutes away from the point at which they wereintroduced into groundwater. They move with the migratinggroundwater mass in the direction
40、of groundwater flow. Whendispersion within the groundwater contaminated plume bringsa dissolved COC to the groundwater-soil gas interface, theCOC may transition from the dissolved state to the vapor stateand migrate from groundwater into soil gas in the vadose zone.Once a COC migrates into soil gas
41、in the vadose zone, itsmigration may no longer be dependent on or related togroundwater movement. In a soil contaminated plume, COCvolatilized from the soil mix freely with soil gas that existswithin soil voids in the vadose zone. COC in the soil gas canalso be introduced from underlying contaminate
42、d groundwater,as a result of a liquid spill into vadose zone soils, or by thedirect release of vapors from a leaking underground source.Migration of COC contaminated soil gas through the vadosezone may be in any direction; however, it preferentially followsthe path of least resistance. Fluctuations
43、in barometric pressuremay cause movement of air and vapors into and out of thevadose zone through preferential pathways.3.2.9 contaminated property, nproperty on which soil orgroundwater or both contains chemicals of concern (COC) orotherwise hazardous substances at concentrations exceedinglevels th
44、at generally would be the subject of an enforcementaction if brought to the attention of appropriate governmentalagencies.3.2.10 critical distance, ndefined in subsection 9.2.3.2.11 dwelling, nstructure or portion thereof used forresidential habitation.3.2.12 environmental professional, nperson meet
45、ing theeducation, training, and experience requirements as set forth in40 CFR 312.10(b), which is the requirement set forth inPractice E1527 (see subsection 3.3.5).3.2.13 findings, ndefined in subsection 10.2.2.3.2.14 fracture, nbreak in a rock formation.3.2.14.1 DiscussionFaults, shears, joints, an
46、d planes offracture cleavage are types of fractures. The presence offractures may accelerate migration of COCs along the fracture.3.2.15 groundwater, nwater contained in the pore spacesof saturated geologic media.3.2.16 Henrys law, nrelationship between the partialpressure of a compound in air and t
47、he concentration of thatcompound in water under equilibrium conditions; Henrys lawconstants are temperature dependent.3.2.17 hydrocarbon, nchemical compound composedonly of carbon and hydrogen atoms.3.2.18 moisture content (of soil), namount of water lostfrom soil upon drying to a constant weight ex
48、pressed as theweight per unit weight of dry soil or as the volume of water perunit bulk volume of the soil.3.2.18.1 DiscussionFor a fully saturated medium, mois-ture content expressed as a volume fraction equals the porosity.3.2.19 nonaqueous phase liquid, NAPL, nsubstances thatdo not dissolve readi
49、ly in water and that remain in the originalbulk liquid form in the subsurface.3.2.19.1 DiscussionLight NAPL (LNAPL), such asgasoline, is less dense than water and can accumulate above thewater table, while dense NAPL (DNAPL), such as manychlorinated solvents, including trichloroethylene andperchloroethylene, are more dense than water and can pen-etrate into the water table.3.2.20 permeability, nqualitative description of the rela-tive ease with which rock, soil, or sediment will transmit a fluid(that is, a liquid or gas).3.2.21 petroleum,
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