1、Designation: E 2635 08Standard Practice forWater Conservation in Buildings Through In-Situ WaterReclamation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2635; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 In an effort to help meet growing demands being placedon available water supplies and water treatment facilities,many com
3、munities throughout the United States and the worldare turning to water reclamation and reuse. Water reclamationand reuse offer an effective means of conserving the Earthslimited high-quality freshwater supplies while helping to meetthe ever growing demands for water in residential, commercial,and i
4、nstitutional development. This practice sets forth a prac-tice for water reuse in buildings and related construction,encompassing both graywater and blackwater in-situ reclama-tion.1.1.1 This practice specifies parameters for substitutingreclaimed water in place of potable water supplies wherepotabl
5、e water quality is not required.1.1.2 This practice specifies limitations for use of reclaimedwater in-situ. It is not intended for application to the use ofreclaimed water delivered from an offsite municipal wastewa-ter treatment facility.1.1.3 This practice specifies performance requirements forin
6、-situ reclaimed water systems. It does not specify particulartechnology(ies) that must be used. A variety of technologiesmay satisfy the performance requirements.1.1.4 This practice specifies requirements for water stew-ardship associated with in-situ water reuse. Consistent withGuide E 2432 and for
7、 purposes of this practice, water steward-ship includes both quantity and quality impacts on water usedin buildings.1.2 Implementation of this practice will require professionaljudgment. Such judgment should be informed by experiencewith sustainable development, including environmental, eco-nomic, a
8、nd social issues as appropriate to the building use,type, scale, and location.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and deter
9、mine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in WaterD 1253 Test Method for Residual Chlorine in WaterD 4188 Practice for Performing Pressure In-LineCoagulation-Flocculation-Filtration TestD 4840 Gui
10、de for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD 5128 Test Method for On-Line pH Measurement of Waterof Low ConductivityD 5244 Practice for Recovery of Enteroviruses from WatersD 5464 Test Method for pH Measurement of Water of LowConductivityD 5907 Test Method for Filterable and Nonfilterable Matterin Wat
11、erD 6238 Test Method for Total Oxygen Demand in WaterD 6569 Test Method for On-Line Measurement of pHD 6698 Test Method for On-Line Measurement of TurbidityBelow 5 NTU in WaterD 6734 Test Method for Low Levels of Coliphages in WaterE 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE2114 Terminology for Sus
12、tainability Relative to the Per-formance of BuildingsE 2432 Guide for General Principles of Sustainability Rela-tive to Buildings2.2 Other References:U.S. EPA protocols, Monitoring and Assessing Water Qual-ity; Section 5.2, Dissolved Oxygen and BiochemicalOxygen Demand3California Health Laws Related
13、 to Recycled Water, “ThePurple Book”41This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.71 onSustainability.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published September 2008.2For referenced ASTM standards, v
14、isit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ArielRios Bldg., 1200 Pen
15、nsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, http:/www.epa.gov. Specific reference available as EPA 841-B-97-003, Volunteer StreamMonitoring: A Methods Manual, November 1997, Online, http:/www.epa.gov/volunteer/stream/stream.pdf, 1 September 2008.4Available from the California Department of Public Heal
16、th (CDPH), CDHPHeadquarters, 1616 Capitol Ave., P.O. Box 997377, MS 7400, Sacramento, CA95899-7377, http:/ww2.cdph.ca.gov. Specific reference available as “The PurpleBook,” June 2001, Online, http:/ww2.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Documents/Recharge/Purplebookupdate6-01.pdf, 1 September 2008.1C
17、opyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For terms related to building construction, refer toTerminology E 631.3.1.2 For terms related to sustainability relative to theperformance of buildings
18、, refer to Terminology E2114.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 blackwater, nuntreated wastewater from toilets,kitchen sinks, and dishwashers.3.2.2 cross-connection, na physical connection betweenany part of a water system used or intended to supply water fordrinking purposes a
19、nd any source or system containing wateror substance that is not or cannot be approved as potable water.3.2.3 disinfection, ndestruction, inactivation, or removalof pathogenic microorganisms by chemical, physical, or bio-logical means.3.2.4 dual distribution system, nreclaimed water distribu-tion sy
20、stems that parallels a potable water system.3.2.5 filtration, nthe passing of wastewater through natu-ral undisturbed soils or filter media such as sand or anthracite,or both, filter cloth, or the passing of wastewater throughmicrofilters or other membrane processes.3.2.6 graywater, nuntreated waste
21、water from bathtubs,showers, bathroom wash basins, clothes washing machines,and laundry tubs.3.2.6.1 DiscussionGraywater is unlikely to contain sig-nificant organic contaminants or chemical contaminants morehazardous than detergents, excluding blackwater.3.2.7 groundwater, nwater that is found benea
22、th thesurface of the ground, usually in porous rock known as anaquifer.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe top of this groundwater is calledthe water table.3.2.8 nonpotable water, nwater that has not been treatedfor human consumption in conformance with applicable drink-ing water quality regulations.3.2.9 osmosis
23、, nthe movement of water between twosolutions, separated by a membrane that permits the freepassage of water but prevents or slows down the passage ofdissolved substances.3.2.9.1 DiscussionWater moves more rapidly from theless concentrated solution to the solution of a higher concen-tration than in
24、the opposite direction.3.2.10 persistent organic pollutant (POP), na chemicalsubstance that persists in the environment, bioaccumulatesthrough the food web, and poses a risk of causing adverseeffects to human health and the environment.3.2.10.1 DiscussionThe United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP
25、) Governing Council, at its 19thsession inFebruary 1997, identified 12 POPs: Aldrin, Chlordane, Dield-rin, DDT, Endrin, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex,Toxaphene, PCBs, Dioxins, and Furans.3.2.11 potable water, nwater that does not endanger thelives or health of human beings and that conforms t
26、o applicableregulations for drinking water quality.3.2.12 reclaimed water, nnonpotable water that is highlytreated and used for approved purposes other than drinkingwater.3.2.13 reverse osmosis, na separation process that usespressure to force a solvent through a membrane that retains thesolute on o
27、ne side and allows the pure solvent to pass to theother side.3.2.13.1 DiscussionPressure (usually 725.192900.76 psi(520 MPa) is applied on the high concentration side of themembrane, forcing the solvent through a membrane to asolution of lower concentration. Pure solvent is obtained on theother side
28、. The membranes used for reverse osmosis do nothave pores: rather, separation takes place in a polymer layer ofmicroscopic thickness.3.2.14 water reuse, vcycling water one or more times forbeneficial use as reclaimed water.3.2.14.1 DiscussionAll water is cycled in the hydrologiccycle and so in the b
29、roadest sense may be considered to bereused. The term water reuse is utilized in this practice torefer specifically to a man-made intrusion in the hydrologiccycle that diverts water for multiple uses.4. Significance and Use4.1 GeneralAs the worlds population increases, so doesthe need for water to m
30、eet various needs, as well as the need tomanage wastewater. Already accepted and endorsed by thepublic in many urban and agricultural areas, properly imple-mented nonpotable water reuse projects can help communitiesmeet water demand and supply challenges without any knownsignificant health risks.4.1
31、.1 Many communities throughout the world are ap-proaching, or have already reached, the limits of their availablewater supplies; water reuse has become necessary for conserv-ing and extending available water supplies. Where the avail-ability of water limits development, water reuse can facilitatesoc
32、ial and economic developmental needs in an environmen-tally responsible manner.4.1.2 Many communities are also approaching, or havealready reached, the limit of available water treatment facili-ties. New facilities and infrastructure are costly. In-situ waterreuse reduces load on community wastewate
33、r facilities.4.1.3 Additionally, many communities face increased secu-rity issues in safeguarding water sources and treatment. In-situsystems provide for redundancies and diversified systems thatdecrease security issues associated with centralized facilities.4.2 Sustainable DevelopmentThis practice
34、is consistentwith the general principles for sustainability relative to build-ing as identified in Guide E 2432. It addresses the environmen-tal, economic, and social principles as follows:4.2.1 EnvironmentalWater is a natural resource. Sustain-able use of natural resources requires that the resourc
35、e isutilized efficiently and in a manner that preserves or enhancesthe quality of that resource and does not adversely alter thebalance between the renewable resource and the rate ofconsumption for building-related purposes. Utilization of tech-nologies, such as in-situ water reclamation systems tha
36、t helpconserve water enable more sustainable use of water thanstandard construction.4.2.2 Economic:4.2.2.1 Direct Costs/BenefitsDirect cost/benefits includefirst costs/benefits as well as operating costs/benefits such as:utility costs, maintenance and repair costs, and costs associatedE2635082with r
37、eplacement of component materials and systems. Utili-zation of technologies, such as in-situ water reclamationsystems that help reduce building demand for potable watercan reduce utility costs and prevent moratoriums on newconstruction.4.2.2.2 Indirect Cost/BenefitsSustainable building prac-tices se
38、ek to identify associated external costs/benefits, mini-mize associated external costs, and maximize external benefits.Utilization of technologies, such as in-situ water reclamationsystems that help reduce the amount of wastewater dischargefrom a building reduce demands on municipal water infrastruc
39、-ture. This includes costs for centralized treatment and distri-bution. Significant energy is expended for treatment anddistribution of water. For example, in California, an estimated19 % of electricity, 32 % of natural gas consumption, and 88billion gallons of diesel fuel annually power the treatme
40、nt anddistribution of water and wastewater.5NOTE 1The Final Report includes Table 12: Range of EnergyIntensities for Water Use Cycle Segments, below:5Range of EnergyIntensity, kWh/MGWater-Use Cycle Segments Low HighWater Supply and Conveyance 0 14 000Water Treatment 100 16 000Water Distribution 700
41、1 200Wastewater Collection and Treatment 1 100 4 600Wastewater Discharge 0 400Recycled Water Treatment and Distribution 400 1 2004.2.2.3 SocialSustainable buildings protect and enhancethe health, safety, and welfare of building occupants. Utiliza-tion of technologies, such as in-situ water reclamati
42、on systemsthat help diversify and decentralize critical health, safety, andwelfare infrastructure help promote the safety and security ofthe general public.4.3 Continual ImprovementNo specific technology is re-quired by this practice. Utilization of performance require-ments rather than prescriptive
43、 requirements is intended topromote continued research, development, and improvement ofas in-situ water reclamation systems.5. Allowable Uses for In-Situ Reclaimed Water5.1 GeneralWater reclamation and nonpotable reuse typi-cally require conventional water and wastewater treatmenttechnologies that a
44、re already widely practiced and readilyavailable in many countries throughout the world. Whendiscussing treatment for a reuse system, the overriding concerncontinues to be whether the quality of the reclaimed water isappropriate for the intended use. Reclaimed water meeting therequirements of this p
45、ractice is usable in urban and industrialapplications as indicated and in such other applications asagencies having jurisdiction may permit.5.2 Urban ReuseAll types of landscape irrigation, toiletflushing, use in fire protection systems and commercial airconditioners, automatic washing equipment, an
46、d other useswith similar access or exposure to the water.5.3 Industrial ReuseOnce-through cooling and recirculat-ing cooling towers. Industrial reuse does NOT include processwater for manufacturing.6. Performance Requirements for In-Situ ReclaimedWater Systems6.1 Reclaimed Water QualityProvide water
47、 treatment suf-ficient to produce reclaimed water with qualities as indicated inTable 1, Treatment Requirements.6.2 Setback DistancesProvide setback distances to protectpotable water supply sources from contamination and toprotect humans from unreasonable health risks due to exposureto reclaimed wat
48、er. Setback distances refer to distances be-tween potable water supply sources and reclaimed watercollection/holding areas, treatment equipment, and open por-tions of the system.6.2.1 Urban ReuseMaintain reclaimed water systemsminimum 50 ft (15 m) away from potable water supply wells.Maintain reclai
49、med water systems piping minimum 200 ft (60m) from potable water supply wells; and 10 ft (3 m) horizon-tally and 1.5 ft (0.45 m) vertically from potable water piping.5California Energy Commission; Californias WaterEnergy Relationship ;prepared in Support of the 2005 Integrated Energy Policy Report Proceeding(04-IEPR-01E), November 2005, CEC-700-2005-011-SF.TABLE 1 Treatment RequirementsTypes of Reuse Treatment Level Reclaimed Water Quality MonitoringUrban Reuse Provide: Primary, Secondary, and 10 ft (3 m) horizontally and 1.5 ft (0.45 m
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