1、Designation: E2635 08E2635 14Standard Practice forWater Conservation in Buildings Through In-Situ WaterReclamation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2635; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 In an effort to help meet growing demands being placed on available water supplies and water treatment facilities,
3、manycommunities throughout the United States and the world are turning to water reclamation and reuse. Water reclamation and reuseoffer an effective means of conserving the Earths limited high-quality freshwater supplies while helping to meet the ever growingdemands for water in residential, commerc
4、ial, and institutional development. This practice sets forth a practice for water reuse inbuildings and related construction, encompassing both graywater and blackwater in-situ reclamation.1.1.1 This practice specifies parameters for substituting reclaimed water in place of potable water supplies wh
5、ere potable waterquality is not required.1.1.2 This practice specifies limitations for use of reclaimed water in-situ. It is not intended for application to the use ofreclaimed water delivered from an offsite municipal wastewater treatment facility.1.1.3 This practice specifies performance requireme
6、nts for in-situ reclaimed water systems. It does not specify particulartechnology(ies) that must be used. A variety of technologies may satisfy the performance requirements.1.1.4 This practice specifies requirements for water stewardship associated with in-situ water reuse. Consistent with GuideE243
7、2 and for purposes of this practice, water stewardship includes both quantity and quality impacts on water used in buildings.1.2 Implementation of this practice will require professional judgment. Such judgment should be informed by experience withsustainable development, including environmental, ec
8、onomic, and social issues as appropriate to the building use, type, scale, andlocation.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered stand
9、ard.1.3.1 ExceptionSolely SI units are used in Table 1, Table X3.1, and Table X4.1.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
10、determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in WaterD1253 Test Method for Residual Chlorine in WaterD4188 Practice for Performing Pressure In-Line Coagulation-Flocculation-Filtration Test in Water
11、D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD5128 Test Method for On-Line pH Measurement of Water of Low ConductivityD5244 Practice for Recovery of Enteroviruses from Waters (Withdrawn 2013)3D5464 Test Method for pH Measurement of Water of Low ConductivityD5907 Test Methods for Filterable Matt
12、er (Total Dissolved Solids) and Nonfilterable Matter (Total Suspended Solids) in WaterD6238 Test Method for Total Oxygen Demand in WaterD6569 Test Method for On-Line Measurement of pH1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E60 on Sustainability and is the direct responsibility of
13、Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildings and Construction.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008March 1, 2014. Published September 2008April 2014. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 asE2635-08. DOI: 10.1520/E2635-08.10.1520/E2635-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theA
14、STM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is
15、not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropri
16、ate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D6698 Test Method for On-Line Measurement of Turbidity Below 5 NT
17、U in WaterD6734 Test Method for Low Levels of Coliphages in WaterE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of BuildingsE2432 Guide for General Principles of Sustainability Relative to Buildings2.2 Other References:U.S. EPA protocols,Pr
18、otocols, Monitoring and Assessing Water Quality; Section 5.2, Dissolved Oxygen and BiochemicalOxygen Demand4California Health Laws Related to Recycled Water, “The Purple Book”53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For terms related to building construction, refer to Terminology E631.3.1.2 For terms re
19、lated to sustainability relative to the performance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 blackwater, nuntreated wastewater from toilets, kitchen sinks, and dishwashers.3.2.2 cross-connection, na physical connection between any part of a wa
20、ter system used or intended to supply water fordrinking purposes and any source or system containing water or substance that is not or cannot be approved as potable water.3.2.3 disinfection, ndestruction, inactivation, or removal of pathogenic microorganisms by chemical, physical, or biologicalmeans
21、.3.2.4 dual distribution system, nreclaimed water distribution systems that parallels a potable water system.3.2.5 filtration, nthe passing of wastewater through natural undisturbed soils or filter media such as sand or anthracite, or both,filter cloth, or the passing of wastewater through microfilt
22、ers or other membrane processes.3.2.6 graywater, nuntreated wastewater from bathtubs, showers, bathroom wash basins, clothes washing machines, andlaundry tubs.3.2.6.1 DiscussionGraywater is unlikely to contain significant organic contaminants or chemical contaminants more hazardous than detergents,e
23、xcluding blackwater.3.2.7 groundwater, nwater that is found beneath the surface of the ground, usually in porous rock known as an aquifer.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe top of this groundwater is called the water table.3.2.8 nonpotable water, nwater that has not been treated for human consumption in conforma
24、nce with applicable drinkingwater quality regulations.3.2.9 osmosis, nthe movement of water between two solutions, separated by a membrane that permits the free passage ofwater but prevents or slows down the passage of dissolved substances.3.2.9.1 DiscussionWater moves more rapidly from the less con
25、centrated solution to the solution of a higher concentration than in the oppositedirection.3.2.10 persistent organic pollutant (POP), na chemical substance that persists in the environment, bioaccumulates through thefood web, and poses a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the enviro
26、nment.3.2.10.1 Discussion4 Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, http:/www.epa.gov.Specific reference available as EPA 841-B-97-003, Volunteer Stream Monitoring: A Methods Manual, November 1997, Online,
27、 http:/www.epa.gov/volunteer/stream/stream.pdf, 1 September 2008.5 Available from the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), CDHP Headquarters, 1616 CapitolAve., P.O. Box 997377, MS 7400, Sacramento, CA95899-7377,http:/ww2.cdph.ca.gov. Specific reference available as “The Purple Book,” June
28、2001, Online, http:/ww2.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Documents/Recharge/Purplebookupdate6-01.pdf, 1 September 2008.E2635 142The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Governing Council, at its 19th session in February 1997, identified 12 POPs:Aldrin, Chlordane, Dieldrin, DDT, Endrin, Hepta
29、chlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, Toxaphene, PCBs, Dioxins, and Furans.3.2.11 potable water, nwater that does not endanger the lives or health of human beings and that conforms to applicableregulations for drinking water quality.3.2.12 reclaimed water, nnonpotable water that is highly treated and use
30、d for approved purposes other than drinking water.3.2.13 reverse osmosis, na separation process that uses pressure to force a solvent through a membrane that retains the soluteon one side and allows the pure solvent to pass to the other side.3.2.13.1 DiscussionPressure (usually 725.192900.76 psi (52
31、0 725.19 to 2900.76 psi (5 to 20 MPa) is applied on the high concentration side of themembrane, forcing the solvent through a membrane to a solution of lower concentration. Pure solvent is obtained on the other side.The membranes used for reverse osmosis do not have pores: rather, separation takes p
32、lace in a polymer layer of microscopicthickness.3.2.14 water reuse, vcycling water one or more times for beneficial use as reclaimed water.3.2.14.1 DiscussionAll water is cycled in the hydrologic cycle and so in the broadest sense may be considered to be reused.The term water reuseis utilized in thi
33、s practice to refer specifically to a man-made intrusion in the hydrologic cycle that diverts water for multiple uses.4. Significance and Use4.1 GeneralAs the worlds population increases, so does the need for water to meet various needs, as well as the need tomanage wastewater. Already accepted and
34、endorsed by the public in many urban and agricultural areas, properly implementednonpotable water reuse projects can help communities meet water demand and supply challenges without any known significanthealth risks.4.1.1 Many communities throughout the world are approaching, or have already reached
35、, the limits of their available watersupplies; water reuse has become necessary for conserving and extending available water supplies. Where the availability of waterlimits development, water reuse can facilitate social and economic developmental needs in an environmentally responsible manner.4.1.2
36、Many communities are also approaching, or have already reached, the limit of available water treatment facilities. Newfacilities and infrastructure are costly. In-situ water reuse reduces load on community wastewater facilities.4.1.3 Additionally, many communities face increased security issues in s
37、afeguarding water sources and treatment. In-situsystems provide for redundancies and diversified systems that decrease security issues associated with centralized facilities.4.2 Sustainable DevelopmentThis practice is consistent with the general principles for sustainability relative to building asi
38、dentified in Guide E2432. It addresses the environmental, economic, and social principles as follows:4.2.1 EnvironmentalWater is a natural resource. Sustainable use of natural resources requires that the resource is utilizedefficiently and in a manner that preserves or enhances the quality of that r
39、esource and does not adversely alter the balance betweenthe renewable resource and the rate of consumption for building-related purposes. Utilization of technologies, such as in-situ waterreclamation systems that help conserve water enable more sustainable use of water than standard construction.4.2
40、.2 Economic:4.2.2.1 Direct Costs/BenefitsDirect cost/benefits include first costs/benefits as well as operating costs/benefits such as: utilitycosts, maintenance and repair costs, and costs associated with replacement of component materials and systems. Utilization oftechnologies, such as in-situ wa
41、ter reclamation systems that help reduce building demand for potable water can reduce utility costsand prevent moratoriums on new construction.4.2.2.2 Indirect Cost/BenefitsSustainable building practices seek to identify associated external costs/benefits, minimizeassociated external costs, and maxi
42、mize external benefits. Utilization of technologies, such as in-situ water reclamation systemsthat help reduce the amount of wastewater discharge from a building reduce demands on municipal water infrastructure. Thisincludes costs for centralized treatment and distribution. Significant energy is exp
43、ended for treatment and distribution of water. Forexample, in California, an estimated 19 % of electricity, 32 % of natural gas consumption, and 88 billion gallons of diesel fuelannually power the treatment and distribution of water and wastewater.6NOTE 1The Final Report includes Table 12: Range of
44、Energy Intensities for Water Use Cycle Segments, below:66 California Energy Commission; Californias WaterEnergy Relationship ; prepared in Support of the 2005 Integrated Energy Policy Report Proceeding (04-IEPR-01E),November 2005, CEC-700-2005-011-SF.E2635 143Range of EnergyIntensity, kWh/MGWater-Us
45、e Cycle Segments Low HighWater Supply and Conveyance 0 14 000Water Treatment 100 16 000Water Distribution 700 1 200Wastewater Collection andTreatment1 100 4 600Wastewater Discharge 0 400Recycled Water Treatment andDistribution400 1 2004.2.2.3 SocialSustainable buildings protect and enhance the healt
46、h, safety, and welfare of building occupants. Utilization oftechnologies, such as in-situ water reclamation systems that help diversify and decentralize critical health, safety, and welfareinfrastructure help promote the safety and security of the general public.4.3 Continual ImprovementNo specific
47、technology is required by this practice. Utilization of performance requirements ratherthan prescriptive requirements is intended to promote continued research, development, and improvement of as in-situ waterreclamation systems.5. Allowable Uses for In-Situ Reclaimed Water5.1 GeneralWater reclamati
48、on and nonpotable reuse typically require conventional water and wastewater treatmenttechnologies that are already widely practiced and readily available in many countries throughout the world. When discussingtreatment for a reuse system, the overriding concern continues to be whether the quality of
49、 the reclaimed water is appropriate forthe intended use. Reclaimed water meeting the requirements of this practice is usable in urban and industrial applications asindicated and in such other applications as agencies having jurisdiction may permit.5.2 Urban ReuseAll types of landscape irrigation, toilet flushing, use in fire protection systems and commercial airconditioners, automatic washing equipment, and other uses with similar access or exposure to the water.5.3 Industrial ReuseOnce-through cooling and recirculating cooling tower
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