1、Designation: E 2637 08Standard Guide forUtilizing the Environmental Cost Element StructurePresented by Classification E 21501This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2637; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The Environmental Cost Element Structure (ECES)covered by Classification E 2150 (and Adjunct E 2150) pro
3、-vides a consistent and comprehensive structure across allphases of environmental remediation projects and is a tool toimprove the cost management of those projects. This guide isintended to facilitate the application of the ECES to anyenvironmental remediation project, without regard to projectsize
4、.1.2 Classification E 2150 establishes the broad, top-levelframework for environmental remediation projects by provid-ing a hierarchical list of project elements to two levels of detail.Its associated Adjunct E 2150 supports the top-level structureby providing more detailed elements and definitions
5、of theECES to three additional levels of detail. Although it isassumed that the user is familiar with Classification E 2150,much of the content of the classification is repeated in thisguide to relieve the user of the burden of back-and-forthreferencing during use. It is assumed, however, that all u
6、sers ofthis guide will have at hand both Classification E 2150 and theAdjunct E 2150 during project planning.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety con
7、cerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 2150 Classification for Life-Cycle E
8、nvironmental WorkElementsEnvironmental Cost Element Structure2.2 ASTM Adjunct:Adjunct E 2150 Adjunct to Classification E 2150: Environ-mental Cost Element Structure at Levels 3, 4, and 5 andDefinitions33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 Comprehensive Environmental
9、 Response, Compensa-tion and Liability Act (CERCLA)A congressional mandate,also known as Superfund, CERCLA prescribes actions andregulatory requirements for reducing risks to human health andthe environment resulting from releases or threatened releasesof hazardous substances into the environment.3.
10、1.2 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)Acongressional mandate that requires the management of regu-lated hazardous wastes and requires that permits be obtainedfor facilities (both public and private) that treat, store, ordispose of hazardous wastes. RCRA also establishes standardsfor these
11、 facilities and requires corrective actions (for example,remediation) of past releases of hazardous waste from regu-lated waste management units.3.2 Acronyms:3.2.1 ASTAboveground Storage Tank3.2.2 CERCLAComprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation, and Liability Act3.2.3 CLPCertified Laboratory
12、 Procedure3.2.4 CMSCorrective Measure Study3.2.5 COACode of Accounts3.2.6 CWMChemical Warfare Materials3.2.7 D5.1.2 Communicating project data between installations,complexes, agencies, and industry;5.1.3 Providing a project checklist;5.1.4 Cost and schedule estimating;5.1.5 Historical cost/schedule
13、 data collection;5.1.6 Historical project data collection (for example, tech-nology deployments, project conditions);5.1.7 Validating and calibrating cost estimates and softwaretools; and5.1.8 Establishing and disseminating best practices andlessons learned.5.2 Several government agencies are alread
14、y incorporatingthis structure into existing and future cost estimating models,databases, and other similar software tools and systems.6. Procedure6.1 Overall StructureThe hierarchical nature of the ECEScost structure (Fig. 1) allows detailed cost data at Level 3 to besummarized into higher level cos
15、t elements in a standardizedfashion. It is recommended that the ECES be used as acommon standard through its top three levels. The use of Level4 or lower is optional. Similarly, while Level 5 is generallydeemed to provide a sufficiently low level of detail for mostprojects, the project managers are
16、free to add further lowerlevels for their specific projects or portions of their projects.Care must be taken in developing the associated numericalcodes, however, to assure that each level directly relates to thenext higher level so that the project costs can readily be “rolledup” for reporting purp
17、oses.6.2 Level 1Level 1 of the structure includes seven costcategories. The first six categories represent the six life-cyclephases of an environmental project. The final categoryFIG. 1 Hierarchical Structure of the Environmental Cost Element StructureE2637082Program Management, Support, and Infrast
18、ructureis in-cluded to address costs that are not attributable to a distinctproject or are program management costs. Throughout the restof this guide, the Level 1 cost element for Program Manage-ment, Support, and Infrastructure will be referred-to as Phase8, to simplify references to the Level 1 co
19、st elements. Withminor variations in the definitions, these project life-cyclecategories apply to all environmental projects and programs,including environmental remediation, waste management, de-contamination and decommissioning, ordnance and explosiveretrievals, underground and above-ground storag
20、e tanks, andother environmental work.6.2.1 Phase 1: AssessmentAssess and inspect site, pre-pare site inspection reports.6.2.2 Phase 2: StudiesRisk assessment, characterizationand investigations, development and analysis of treatment orremediation options, and treatability studies.6.2.3 Phase 3: Desi
21、gnEngineering design and pre-construction activities of treatment or remediation alternatives.6.2.4 Phase 4: ConstructionConstruction of selectedtreatment or remediation alternatives. Includes start-up, butexcludes all operations.6.2.5 Phase 5: Operations and Maintenance (O additional costdriving pa
22、rameters for all Level 3 ECES elements must beidentified. The purpose of secondary parameters is to identifyand capture those characteristics that impact environmentalmanagement project cost. Cost driving parameters are data thatcharacterize activities or sub-activities and significantly effectcost.
23、 These cost driving parameters are readily available to thework managers who are acquainted with the work and can beincluded while reporting the cost data without requiringadditional resources. As an example, Element 4.18.01 (Phase4) Extraction Wells will commonly have an associated param-eter of ea
24、ch (that is, $X/each well). However, additional costdriving parameters are necessary to define this activity in ameaningful way. The additional cost driving parameters for thisactivity would include depth and diameter of the well, theconstruction material of the well, site conditions or physicalstat
25、e of media, and other parameters. Other typical cost drivingparameters might be given in terms of square feet, pounds,tons, gallons, cubic meters, etc. This information should bereadily available to the project manager, and should be re-corded in a format (for example, tabular) that is conducive tod
26、atabase entry and management. The objective is to be asprecise and descriptive as possible for cost managementpurposes, as well as for cost comparisons among similarprojects. In environmental clean-up projects, the type of wastegenerated becomes a key cost driving parameter because of theregulatory
27、requirements for packaging, handling, transporta-tion, and disposal. Appendix X2 proposes a roster of wastecategories, and Appendix X3 presents numerous other second-ary parameters related to the ECES Level 3 elements.7. Program-Specific Cost Category Definitions7.1 The seven project phases listed e
28、arlier (6.2) apply toenvironmental restoration, waste management, and facilityD or(2) 4.X.33.03 for all subprojects if the distinction for thiselement is not important between subprojects.7.6.1.6 If there are no subprojects, then there will be noalpha characters in the ECES number. In this case the
29、num-bering for the ECES element Disposal Tipping Fees for Phase4 would be:(1) 4.33.037.6.2 This optional level is not considered to be one of theECES levels. Whether or not it is used, Level 1 of the ECES isstill Phases 1 through 6 and 8, and the Level 2 is still the 34major ECES elements from Progr
30、am Management, Support,and Infrastructure to DisposalCommercial.8. Keywords8.1 CERCLA; characterization; cleanup technology; codeof accounts; cost elements; cost estimation; cost management;decommissioning; decontamination; ECES; environmentalcost element structure; environmental management; environ
31、-mental remediation; environmental restoration; life-cyclecosts; life-cycle phases; operation and maintenance; phases;program management; project management; RCRA; remedia-tion; site investigation; standard classification; surveillance andlong-term monitoring; waste management; WBS; work break-down
32、structureAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. EXAMPLE OF USE OF THE ECESX1.1 The following example is provided to show how touse the ECES throughout the life-cycle of a project. Thishypothetical project involves a site that may or may not becontaminated with organic and inorganic hazardous waste.
33、X1.2 Project DescriptionThe site is located in theMid-Atlantic region of the country with very sandy soil andshallow groundwater. The assessment conducted discoveredthat the groundwater is contaminated with benzene, toluene,ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), lead, and high levels ofarsenic. As part of
34、 Phase 2 studies, it was also found that thecontaminants pose an unacceptable risk to a nearby commu-nity. Based on a cleanup technology alternative study, engi-neers will select groundwater pumping followed bycoagulation/flocculation/precipitation and ion exchange as afinal step. The treatment unit
35、s need to treat approximately onemillion gallons of groundwater per day. To remove the BTEX,Ultraviolet Photolysis will be used. A treatment train will bedesigned and constructed to clean up the site. The technologies(treatment train) will be housed in a treatment train facility. TheO additional cos
36、t driving parameters forall Level 3 ECES elements must be identified. The purpose ofsecondary parameters is to identify and capture those charac-teristics that impact environmental management project cost.X3.2 Cost driving parameters are data that characterizeactivities or sub-activities and signifi
37、cantly effect cost. Thesecost driving parameters are readily available to the workmanagers who are acquainted with the work and can beincluded while reporting the cost data without requiringadditional resources. As an example, Element 4.18.01 (Phase4) Extraction Wells will commonly have an associate
38、d param-eter of each (that is, $X/each well). However, additional costdriving parameters are necessary to define this activity in ameaningful way. The additional cost driving parameters for thisactivity would include depth and diameter of the well, theconstruction material of the well, site conditio
39、ns, or physicalstate of media and other parameters. This information shouldbe readily available to the work manager.X3.3 The cost driving parameters associated with Level 3elements of ECES are presented in a matrix format. The firstrow of the matrix identifies the secondary parameters ormeasures whi
40、le the first four columns represents the ECESnumbers and titles. The numbers marked within the matrixrepresents those ECES phases where these parameters are mostapplicable and the bolded numbers represent primary unit ofmeasure. The numbers are used as a guideline, and users arefree to use any param
41、eters as appropriate. For example, theWBS Element X.22.09, Trickling Filter, is marked with thenumbers “4,5” in Materials Used column. This indicates thatduring both Phases 4 and 5, the materials used are one of thecosts driving parameters.X3.4 Among the key cost driving parameters in environ-mental
42、 clean-up projects is the type of waste generated,because of the regulatory requirements governing their pack-aging, handling, transportation, and disposal. The more diffi-cult and dangerous the waste, the more stringent are thoserequirements. Accordingly, the following matrix provides forTABLE X2.1
43、 Proposed Waste CategoriesCategories1. Sanitary Waste2. PCB WasteTo include radioactive PCB waste3. Asbestos WasteTo include radioactive asbestos waste4. Hazardous WasteWaste that appears on one of the four RCRA hazardous wastes lists or exhibits at least one of four characteristics: ignitability, c
44、orrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity5. Mixed Radioactive WasteWaste containing both hazardous waste (“listed waste” and exhibits hazardous characteristics as defined in 40 CFR Part 261, Subpart C, or both) and lowlevel radioactive waste (source material, special nuclear material, or by-product materi
45、al subject to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954)6. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM)Fly ash produced from burning coal (may contain uranium, thorium or other naturally occurring radionuclides)Bulk wastes produced when mining uranium ores using underground mining, in-situ leaching, or surfa
46、ce excavation methods (typically containing radium,uranium and thorium)7. Uranium Mill Tailings (11e.(2) WasteWaste rock (fine grained, sand-like, and silt materials) and processing equipment generated from mining and milling operations8. Low Level Radioactive Waste (LLW)Radioactive waste not classi
47、fied as high level waste, transuranic waste, or spent nuclear fuel, and does not contain RCRA-hazardous wasteLLW accounts for approximately 90 % of all radioactive wastes; approximately 95 % of LLW is Class AClass Aloses its radioactive hazard in 20 years10. Contact Handled Transuranic Waste (CH TRU
48、)Contained in 55-gallon metal drums or metal boxesAlpha emitter: shielded by outer layer of persons skin or sheet of paperMaximum radiation dose at the surface of CH TRU container is 200 mrem/h11. Remote Handled Transuranic Waste (RH TRU)Handled and transported in shielded casksGamma emitter (very p
49、enetrating)requires concrete, lead, or steel to blockUnshielded container at surface emits 200 mrem/h12. Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF)Nuclear fuel assembly (solid ceramic pellets of enriched uranium sealed in strong metal tubes) removed from reactor after three to four years of useSpent nuclear fuel fines (that is, West Valley)13. High Level Radioactive Waste (HLW)Highly radioactive sludge-like residue, a byproduct of reprocessing spent nuclear fuel (chemical treatment of spent nuclear fuel to separate out uraniumand plutonium)Contains a combination of RCRA hazardous con
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