ASTM E2639-2009 Standard Test Method for Blast Resistance of Trash Receptacles.pdf

1、Designation: E 2639 09Standard Test Method forBlast Resistance of Trash Receptacles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2639; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in

2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a procedure for characterizingthe performance of a trash receptacle when an explosive isdetonated within the receptacle

3、.1.1.1 The procedure measures the magnitude of blast waves(that is, external overpressures) developed and determines theextent and location of fragmentation produced during theexplosion.1.1.2 Effects due to a fireball resulting from the detonationof an explosive within a trash receptacle are beyond

4、the scopeof the test method.1.2 This test method is intended to be performed in open-airtest arenas.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values stated in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, i

5、f any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 Government Standards:DOD 4145.26 M Department of Defense: DOD

6、Contrac-tors Safety Manual for Ammunition and Explosives2DOD 6055.9 STD Department of Defense: DOD Ammuni-tion and Explosives Safety Standards3Department of Commerce: Voluntary Product Standard PS1, Structural Plywood43. Terminology3.1 For terminology generally associated with explosives,refer to th

7、e glossaries given in DOD 4145.26 M andDOD 6055.9 STD.3.1.1 Some of the definitions in this standard (3.2) are eitheradopted as exact copies, or are adapted, from DOD 4145.26 M.Where adapted, changes to the DOD definitions were madeonly to clarify the meaning or to incorporate related terms thatalso

8、 are defined in this terminology section.3.1.2 The DOD source is identified parenthetically at theright margin following the definition.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 alias, na false low-frequency component that ap-pears when reconstructing analog data that are sampled at aninsufficient rate.3.2.2 detonation

9、, n(1) A violent chemical reaction withina chemical compound or mechanical mixture resulting in heatand pressure. (2) A reaction that proceeds through the reactedmaterial toward the unreacted material at a supersonic velocity.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe result of the chemical reaction isexertion of extrem

10、ely high pressure on the surrounding me-dium forming a propagating shock wave that is originally ofsupersonic velocity. DOD 4145.26 M3.2.3 explosion, na chemical reaction of any chemicalcompound (or mechanical mixture) that, when initiated, under-goes a very rapid combustion or decomposition releasi

11、ng largevolumes of highly heated gases that exert pressure on thesurrounding medium. DOD 4145.26 M3.2.4 explosive, nany chemical compound (or mechanicalmixture) that, when subjected to heat, impact, friction, detona-tion, or other suitable initiation, undergoes a very rapidchemical change with the e

12、volution of large volumes of highlyheated gases that exert pressures in the surrounding medium.DOD 4145.26 M3.2.5 fireball, na highly luminous, intensely hot cloud ofdust, gas, and or vapor generated by an explosion.3.2.6 fragment, nsolid material propelled from an explo-sion as a result of fragment

13、ation.3.2.6.1 primary fragment, na fragment produced from theexplosive device itself.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 onHomeland Security Applications and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE54.08 on Operational Equipment.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 200

14、9. Published February 2009.2Available from the Defense Technical Information Center, 8725 John J.Kingman Road, Suite 0944, Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060 6128.3Available from the worldwide web at: http:/www.ddesb.pentagon.mil/DoD6055.9-STD%205%20Oct%202004.pdf.4Available from the worldwide web at http:/ts.ni

15、st.gov/Standards/Conformity/upload/PS%201%20final%20complete%20w%20cover.pdf.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.6.2 secondary fragment, na fragment produced fromthe container or environment where the container is pla

16、ced; apiece of receptacle broken off as a result of the charge beingdetonated inside of it.3.2.7 fragmentation, nbreaking up of the confining mate-rial of a chemical compound (or mechanical mixture) when anexplosion takes place. DOD 4145.26 M3.2.8 overpressure, nthe pressure, exceeding the ambientpr

17、essure, manifested in the shock wave of an explosion.DOD 4145.26 M3.2.9 silhouette, na witness panel that is constructed inthe approximate shape of a human.3.2.10 trash receptacle, na public- or commercial-userefuse bin that holds discarded items until collected.3.2.10.1 DiscussionThe capacity of a

18、trash receptaclespecimen subjected to the test procedure described in thisstandard is typically less than 200 L (50 gal).3.2.11 witness panel, na flat, rectangular sheet-construction mounted upright within the explosion test arenafor purposes of determining whether fragments are producedduring the d

19、etonation of the specimen.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A trash receptacle is placed on a steel plate in the centerof an explosive test arena (as described in Section 11).4.2 An explosive charge is placed at one of four predeter-mined locations within the receptacle and detonated.4.3 Upon detonation,

20、 the magnitude of the resultant pres-sure waves is measured. Subsequently, changes in the trashreceptacle dimensions are recorded, and the extent and locationof fragmentation produced is recorded.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test procedure is used to measure two effects of anexplosive detonated i

21、n a trash receptacle as related to the typeand amount of explosive charge and the location where thecharge is placed in the trash receptacle. The two sources ofdamage are from:5.1.1 Primary and secondary fragments due to the detona-tion, and5.1.2 Overpressure from the detonation.5.2 This test proced

22、ure is also used to document thephysical damage to the trash receptacle due to explosion.5.3 This test procedure is applicable to all trash receptacles,including lidded or non-lidded as supplied by the manufacturer.5.4 This test procedure is used to generate data for use indeveloping performance spe

23、cifications for trash receptacles.6. Test Apparatus and Equipment6.1 Barometric Pressure GaugeTo determine atmosphericpressure at the time of the test, allowed variability is 60.1 kPa(61 mbar). The gauge shall be capable of reading pressure atthe altitude of the explosion test site.6.2 Calipers, Ste

24、el Rule, and Measuring tape, calibrated inmillimetres, to determine the internal and external dimensionsof the trash receptacle specimen before and after the explosiveevent.6.3 CamerasDigital for still photos; digital video andhigh speed digital video, capable of recording a minimum 2400frames per s

25、econd, to record the explosive event, includingslow-motion effects of fragmentation and deformation of thetrash receptacle.6.4 Cardboard Tubes, to hold bare C4 explosive (see 7.1.3).6.5 DetonatorStandard electric detonator placed in thecenter of mass of the charge.6.6 Explosive, as described in Sect

26、ion 7.6.7 Humidity SensorAllowed variability is 62 % RH.6.8 Pressure Measuring Sensors and Recorder, as describedin 11.5.1 and 11.5.2, respectively; allowed pressure sensorvariability is 617 kPa (62.5 lbf/in.2).6.9 Temperature Measuring DeviceAllowed variability is61C (62F).6.10 Weighing Balance or

27、Scales, for weighing the amountof explosive charge; allowed variability is 60.1 g.6.11 Weighing Scales, for determining the mass of the trashreceptacle test specimen; allowed variability is 61.0 %.6.12 Wind Measuring Deviceallowed variability is 62m/s (4.5 mph).7. Explosive Charge7.1 Type of Explosi

28、ve ChargeUnless otherwise deter-mined by agreement between the party commissioning the testand the testing laboratory, use a bare C4 explosive charge asthe test explosive at a relative effectiveness factor of 1.34 inrelation to 0.45 kg (1.0 lb) of trinitrotoluene (TNT).NOTE 1A Relative Effectiveness

29、 Factor (R.E. factor) is a measure-ment of an explosives power and is used to compare an explosiveseffectiveness relative to TNT by mass (weight) only. Engineers cansubstitute one explosive for another when using blasting equations that aredesigned for TNT. For example, if a timber cutting charge re

30、quires 1 kgof TNT to work, it would take 0.75 kg of C4 to have the same effect. Forfurther discussions on the potential and relative strength of explosives, seeFundamentals of Naval Weapons Systems, Chapter 12.57.1.1 Mass of Explosive ChargeDetermine the mass ofthe explosive charge by agreement betw

31、een the party commis-sioning the test and the testing laboratory.7.1.2 Fabricate the charge by packing C4 charge (or theagreed upon explosive) into a cylindrical cardboard tube. Theheight of the explosive packed in the cardboard tube shall bewithin 1.0 to 1.5 times the diameter of the tube. For ease

32、 ofhandling, use masking or duct tape to close the top and bottomopenings of the packed cardboard tube.7.1.3 The density of the packed explosive charge shall beuniform throughout the cardboard tube. For purposes of thisstandard test method, the charge is considered to be uniformlypacked in the cardb

33、oard tube if the explosive charge density isat least 1.4 g/cm3(0.051 lb/in.3).7.2 Fragmentation ChargeSecure rings of 9 6 0.03 mm(0.35 6 0.001 in.) American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)Type 440, Grade 25 stainless steel balls (10 balls per 0.45 kg(1 lb) of explosive charge) horizontally to the ou

34、tside of thecardboard tube at the center of the tubes length. Check that thestainless steel balls are placed uniformly around the tube.5Fundamentals of Naval Weapons Systems, Chapter 12, Weapons and SystemsEngineering Department, United States Naval Academy, http:/www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/f

35、un/part12.htm.E26390928. Detonator8.1 Use an electric detonator (for example, a M-6 or Mk-11electric blasting cap) to detonate the explosive.8.2 Place the detonator in the charge at the center of thecardboard tubes axis and at a distance of 20 to 25 mm from thetubes top.9. Trash Receptacles for Test

36、9.1 Test SpecimenAny trash receptacle, as defined in3.2.10, is acceptable as a test specimen.9.1.1 Weigh the test specimen at the testing laboratory priorto transporting it to the test arena.9.1.2 Record the test specimen mass in accordance withSection 15.9.2 Test trash receptacles as supplied by th

37、e manufacturerfor in-use service, unless otherwise agreed upon by the partycommissioning the test and the testing laboratory.10. Location of the Explosive Charge in the Test10.1 During testing, place the charge at one of the followingfour locations, as agreed upon by the party commissioning thetest

38、and the testing laboratory (see Fig. 1):10.1.1 Center of the receptacle, halfway up the interiorwithout contact with the wall,10.1.2 In contact with the wall on the inner seam, halfwayup the interior,10.1.3 In contact with the wall 180 opposite the innerseam, halfway up the interior, and10.1.4 In co

39、ntact with the wall and bottom of the receptacle90 from the inner seam.10.2 In cases where there is no agreement for placing theexplosive charge, place the charge in contact with the wall onthe inner seam, halfway up the interior, as described in 10.1.2.10.3 In case where the inner seam of the trash

40、 receptacle testspecimen is not visible, the testing laboratory shall ask thereceptacle manufacturer to indicate the inner seam location.10.4 For the locations described in 10.1.1, 10.1.2, and10.1.3, support the charge with a consumable, non-blastabsorbing support such as a cardboard cylinder.11. Te

41、st Arena11.1 The test arena shall consist of a flat, open-air terrainthat is approximately circular and without obstructions. Thediameter of this terrain shall be a minimum of 76 m (250 ft).11.1.1 Fig. 2 shows a schematic of the test arena. The keycomponents of the test arena are:11.1.1.1 The test p

42、latform, on which the trash receptacle isplaced during testing,11.1.1.2 Witness panels arranged around the trash recep-tacle specimen to register any fragment damage from theexplosion.11.1.1.3 Silhouettes placed across the test arena for qualita-tive and visual purposes of assessing fragmentation da

43、mageSilhouettes are only used for tests incorporating fragmentationcharges (see 7.2).11.1.1.4 Pressure sensors and data acquisition system tomeasure the magnitude of shock waves generated during theexplosion.11.1.1.5 A camera station on which is mounted normal-speed and high-speed video cameras.11.2

44、 Test PlatformThe test platform on which the trashreceptacle specimen is placed during testing shall be a steelplate having a minimum thickness of 150 mm (6 in.) and aminimum length and a minimum width of 1.2 by 1.2 m (4.0 by4.0 ft), respectively. Place this steel plate in the center of thetest aren

45、a.11.3 Witness PanelsConstruct witness panels using 9.5mm (38 in.) exterior, A grade veneer plywood sheets conform-ing to the requirements of Voluntary Product Standard PS 1.Attach the sheets measuring 1.2 m (4 ft) wide by 2.4 m (8 ft)high with nails or screws to nominal 2 by 4 wooden frames.Place 2

46、4 witness panels 9 m (30 ft) from the center of the testplatform as shown in Fig. 2. For those panels that are in closeproximity to each other, separate adjacent panels by approxi-mately 0.6 m (2 ft). With the A-face of the plywood sheetsoriented toward the trash receptacle test specimen, secure the

47、witness panels in a vertical position to the terrain using anadequate quantity of anchors or sand bags or both.11.3.1 Number the witness panels consecutively for docu-mentation purposes (see Fig. 2).11.4 SilhouettesConstruct silhouettes, used for tests in-corporating fragmentation charges, from card

48、board sheetsreinforced with wooden or steel supports attached to a woodenor steel base plate. With the cardboard sheets in a verticalposition, secure the base plates to the terrain using a sufficientquantity of anchors or sand bags, or both.11.4.1 Placement of SilhouettesPlace 10 silhouettesthrougho

49、ut the test arena as shown in Fig. 2 such that for eachsilhouette:11.4.1.1 The plane of the forward face is facing the center ofthe test arena.11.4.1.2 The distance to the trash receptacle specimen is asspecified in Fig. 1.11.4.1.3 The location is in line with a randomly selectedwitness panel.11.4.1.4 Only one silhouette is aligned with the samewitness panel.11.4.1.5 Silhouettes with sequential numbers are alignedwith non-adjacent witness panels.11.4.2 The cardboard sheet shall be plain (that is, without aprinted image), double wall conforming