1、Designation: E2641 09 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Practice forBest Practices for Safe Application of 3D ImagingTechnology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2641; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice for the safe application of 3D imagingtechnology will focus primarily on the application of spec
3、ifictechnology components common to 3D imaging systems.When appropriate, reference may be made to existing stan-dards written for said technologies.1.2 Safety standards relevant to specific industry practiceswhere the technology may be applied will not be developedgiven the very broad potential for
4、application over manyindustries. However, general mention and recommendationswill be made to industry specific safety guidelines relevant tosome common applications.1.3 This practice covers the following topics:1.3.1 End-user/operator responsibilities,1.3.2 Safety plan,1.3.3 Safety awareness,1.3.4 S
5、afe application of laser technology common to 3Dimaging systems, and1.3.5 References to some applicable government regula-tions.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish
6、appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of
7、 International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ANSI Standard:2ANSI Z136.1 American National Standard for the Safe Useof Lasers2.2 IEC Standard:3IEC 60825 Safety of Laser Products2.3 Fe
8、deral Standards:421 CFR 1040.10 Laser Products21 CFR 1040.11 Specific Purpose Laser ProductsOSHA STD 01-05-001-PUB 8-1.7 Guidelines for LaserSafety and Hazard Assessment3. Significance and Use3.1 The overall purpose of standards is to document andcommunicate best practices in the successful and cons
9、istentapplication of 3D imaging technology. When executedeffectively, this leads to an enhanced project performance. Thispractice offers a guideline for safe field operational proceduresused in the application of 3D imaging technology.3.2 ApplicabilityAs 3D imaging technology is appliedacross an eve
10、r increasing area of application, a set of uniformstandards for their safe application is necessary. This bestpractice shall serve as a guideline to both operator and end userensuring that necessary and reasonable precautions have beentaken to ensure the safe application of 3D imaging technology.4.
11、End-User/Operator Responsibilities4.1 Safe operation of 3D imaging equipment is the respon-sibility of both the end user and operator. The end user isidentified as that party using the 3D imaging system deliver-able to meet certain project requirements. To the greatest extentpossible, the end user s
12、hall ensure that safety practices arebeing followed.1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E57 on 3D ImagingSystems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E57.03 on Guidelines.Current edition approved March 15, 2017. Published April 2017. Originallyapproved in 2009. Last
13、 previous edition approved in 2009 as E264109. DOI:10.1520/E2641-09R17.2Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.3Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3 rue deVaremb, Case postale 131, CH-
14、1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.4Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capital St., N.W., Washington, DC 20402-0001.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis in
15、ternational standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)
16、Committee.14.2 3D imaging system operators, identified as the partyoperating the 3D imaging system, bear the primary responsi-bility for its safe application. They should be sufficientlytrained in the safe and correct methods of the 3D imagingtechnology operation. In addition to those practices spec
17、ific tothe technology, the operators shall be aware of site-specificsafety requirements and practices and ensure that these arebeing followed consistently.4.3 Safety Plan:4.3.1 Given the mutual responsibility for safety by the enduser and the operator, a written safety plan designed for aspecific 3D
18、 imaging project is strongly recommended. Devel-opment of such a plan should be the mutual responsibility ofboth the end user and the operator with each contributing theirrespective knowledge, training, and experience. Any safetyplan should encompass practices designed to ensure the safeapplication
19、of the 3D imaging system while meeting the safetyrequirements relevant to a specific site.4.3.2 The safety plan establishes a common understandingand awareness of safety by both the end user and the operator.Typically, a safety plan should address, but is not limited to:4.3.2.1 Safe application of 3
20、D imaging system componentswithin the context of government regulations or industryspecific regulations, or both. Typically, such regulations focuson the light-emitting components of the imaging system. Thesafety plan should include a description of and procedurestaken to ensure that the system oper
21、ation will conform withsite-established safety protocols and, at a minimum, regula-tions such as those of the Occupational Health and SafetyAdministration (OSHA) (see standards in Section 1.3.3). Issuessuch as laser emission impact on existing operations andpersonnel with respect to eye safety, poss
22、ible distraction byvisible beams, and so forth, with a corresponding plan address-ing area control would become a key component of the dailyjob hazard analysis.4.3.2.2 The safety plan shall include site-specific safetyrules, regulations, disruption of operation notices, and so forth,covering various
23、 operational scenarios. Such scenarios typi-cally include transportation of equipment, placement of refer-ence targets, use of ladders or scaffolding, or both, use of anyelevated system platform, use of personal protectionequipment, and so forth.4.3.2.3 Site-specific hazards such as confined spaces,
24、 ve-hicle or pedestrian traffic, or both, explosion-endangered areas,and so forth and the safe application of equipment within theconstraints of said hazards should be addressed in the safetyplan.4.4 Operator Training:4.4.1 Operator training is a key component of any safetyplan. In applying 3D imagi
25、ng technology to a specific project,operators should be trained in three specific areas.4.4.1.1 The first is the safe application of the 3D imagingequipment itself. Specifically, the operator shall demonstratefamiliarity with safety requirements of each component of the3D imaging system.4.4.1.2 Seco
26、ndly, the operator bears the primary responsi-bility for the awareness of the general safety requirements ofthe 3D imaging system. For example, should the system emitlaser light, the operator should be familiar with the system laserclassification and those safety requirements imposed by suchagencies
27、 as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centerfor Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), OSHA, andothers as well as any specific state or local regulations.4.4.1.3 Finally, the operator should be aware of any hazardsthat are present at each job site and understand the relevant safeoperating pro
28、cedures specific to that site.4.4.2 The end user may require verification that suchtraining has occurred.4.5 Operator AwarenessAsafety plan specific to the site isthe recommended practice for ensuring safe operation to thegreatest extent possible. The safety plan should possess amechanism promoting
29、and verifying operator awareness of thesafety plan and the requirements stated therein and end userawareness that such procedures are being followed. This mayinclude a daily checklist designed to ensure safety measures arefollowed in accordance with the safety plan throughout theproject. Such a chec
30、klist should be designed to reinforceadherence to the safety plan and include areas for incidentreports and general comments.5. Safe Application of Laser Technology5.1 3D imaging systems are comprised of several compo-nents typically including a power supply, processing computer,laser imaging detect
31、ion and ranging (LiDAR) scanner, andoften, a camera. A transmitting laser is often a key componentin a 3D imaging system and is often the principal safetyconcern when using a 3D imaging system.5.2 The manufacturer of 3D imaging equipment using lasertechnology is responsible for its appropriate laser
32、 classifica-tion.5.3 The operator is responsible for applying the technologysafely per the requirements of the laser classification as definedby applicable government agencies such as CDRH, OSHA, andso forth.5.4 Laser Hazard Classification:5.4.1 All laser systems manufactured or purchased by acompan
33、y are classified with respect to their performancecharacteristics and are labeled accordingly. Different levels ofsafety precautions are applicable to each classification. For thisreason, the safe use of 3D imaging systems begins withunderstanding the laser hazard classification of the instrumentand
34、 appropriate safety measures required. This knowledgefacilitates development of the project safety plan and imple-mentation of correct precautionary measures while using the3D imaging system.5.4.2 The end user and operator should be familiar with theapplicable standards regarding laser classificatio
35、n and thecorresponding safeguards required for operation. See the Bib-liography for further information.5.5 Applicable Local LawsIn addition to law and regula-tions issued by government agencies and regulating bodies,there often exist laws or regulations, or both, issued by state orlocal agencies re
36、garding the emission of laser light. Theoperator should be aware of any relevant local law(s) orE2641 09 (2017)2regulations, or both, and their relevance to the application ofthe operators specific 3D imaging system.6. Keywords6.1 laser; safety plan; scan; 3D imaging technologyAPPENDIXESX1. GLOSSARY
37、 OF LASER TERMSNOTE X1.1The glossary of laser terms will be supplied at a later date.X2. EXAMPLES OF SOME CURRENT STATE LASER REGULATIONSX2.1 See Table X1.1 for examples of some (not all inclu-sive) current state laser regulations.BIBLIOGRAPHYSample Safety Plans:(1) http:/ Information:(2) ANSI Z-136
38、.1, Standard for Safe Use of Lasers, American Na-tional Standards Institute, New York, 1986.(3) ANSI Z-136.6, Standard for Safe Use of Lasers Outdoors, Ameri-can National Standards Institute New York, 2005.(4) 29 CFR 1926.54, Non-Ionizing Radiation in Construction Industry,OSHA Technical Manual, Sec
39、tion III, Chapter 6, Laser Hazards,Occupational Safety and Health Administration,http:/www.osha.gov/SLTC/laserhazards/index.html,http:/www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iii/otm_iii_6.html(5) Laser Institute of America, Orlando, FL,http:/www.laserinstitute.org/(6) U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Cente
40、r for Devices and Ra-diologial Health, HHS Publication FDA 83-8220, “Sugggested StateRegulations for Control of Radiation,” Vol II Non-ionizing RadiationLASERS, 1982,http:/www.fda.gov/cdrh/comp/guidance/fod70.pdfTABLE X2.1 Examples of Some Current State Laser RegulationsState Department RegulationAl
41、aska Environmental Conservation Title 18, Article 7ArizonaARadiation Regulatory Agency Chapter 3Arkansas Division of Radiation Control or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 09 (2017)4
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