ASTM E2662-2009 Standard Practice for Radiologic Examination of Flat Panel Composites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace Applications《用于航空航天器的平板复合材料和夹层芯材X线检查的标准实施规程》.pdf

1、Designation: E 2662 09Standard Practice forRadiologic Examination of Flat Panel Composites andSandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2662; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,

2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is intended to be used as a supplement toPractices E 1742, E 1255,

3、 and E 2033.1.2 This practice describes procedures for radiologic exami-nation of flat panel composites and sandwich core materialsmade entirely or in part from fiber-reinforced polymer matrixcomposites. Radiologic examination is: a) radiographic (RT)with film, b) Computed Radiography (CR) with Imag

4、ing Plate,c) Digital Radiology (DR) with Digital Detector Arrays(DDA), and d) Radioscopic (RTR) Real Time Radiology witha detection system such as an Image Intensifier. The compositematerials under consideration typically contain continuoushigh modulus fibers ( 20 GPa), such as those listed in 1.4.1

5、.3 This practice describes established radiological exami-nation methods that are currently used by industry that havedemonstrated utility in quality assurance of flat panel compos-ites and sandwich core materials during product process designand optimization, process control, after manufacture insp

6、ec-tion, in service examination, and health monitoring.1.4 This practice has utility for examination of flat panelcomposites and sandwich constructions containing but notlimited to bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amide imide),polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting and thermoplas-tic), poly(

7、ether ether ketone), poly(ether imide), polyimide(thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene sulfide), orpolysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron, carbon,glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers. Typical as-fabricatedgeometries include uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates;as wel

8、l as honeycomb core sandwich constructions.1.5 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria andis not intended to be used as a means for approving flat panelcomposites or sandwich core materials for service.1.6 To ensure proper use of the referenced standards, thereare recognized nondestruc

9、tive testing (NDT) specialists thatare certified according to industry and company NDT specifi-cations. It is recommended that a NDT specialist be a part ofany composite component design, quality assurance, in servicemaintenance or damage examination.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all

10、 of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 274 Terminology of

11、Structural Sandwich ConstructionsD 1434 Test Method for Determining Gas PermeabilityCharacteristics of Plastic Film and SheetingD 3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE 747 Practice for Design

12、, Manufacture and MaterialGrouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators(IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1000 Guide for RadioscopyE 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1165 Test Method for Meas

13、urement of Focal Spots ofIndustrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole ImagingE 1255 Practice for RadioscopyE 1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-ReinforcedPolymer-Matrix Composite Materials in DatabasesE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE 1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and

14、CoreMaterials in Computerized Material Property DatabasesE 1742 Practice for Radiographic ExaminationE 1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial RadiographyE 1817 Practice for Controlling Quality of RadiologicalExamination by Using Representative Quality Indicators(RQIs)E 200

15、7 Guide for Computed RadiographyE 2033 Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved June 1, 2

16、009. Published June 2009.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 B

17、arr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Luminescence Method)E 2446 Practice for Classification of Computed RadiologySystemsE 2597 Practice for Manufacturing Characterization ofDigital Detector Arrays2.2 2.2 National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasuremen

18、t (NCRP) Documents:3NCRP 49 Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation forMedical Use of X Rays and Gamma Rays of Energies upto 10 MeVNCRP 116 Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing RadiationNCRP 144 Radiation Protection for Particle AcceleratorFacilities2.3 Federal Standards:410 CFR 20 Standards for Pr

19、otection Against Radiation21 CFR 1020.40 Safety Requirements of Cabinet X-raySystems29 CFR 1910.1096 Ionizing Radiation (X-rays, RF, etc.)2.4 2.4 Aerospace Industries Association Document:5NAS 410 Certification facingmaterial, core material, facing stack sequence, core geometry(cell size); core dens

20、ity, facing void content, adhesive voidcontent, and facing volume percent reinforcement (sandwichcore materials); overall thickness, specimen alignment, speci-men geometry relative to the beam (flat panels and sandwichcore materials).6. Qualification6.1 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the con

21、tractualagreement, personnel performing examinations to this standardshall be qualified in accordance with a nationally or interna-tionally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice orstandard such asANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410,or similar document and certified by the employer or cert

22、ifyingagency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and itsapplicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agree-ment between the using parties.6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing (NDT)AgenciesWhen specified in the contractual agreement, non-destructive testing agencies sha

23、ll be qualified and evaluated asdescribed in Practice E 543.6.2.1 SafetyThe NDT facility shall present no hazards tothe safety of personnel and property. NCRP 144, andNCRP 116 may be used as guides to ensure that radiologicalprocedures are performed so that personnel shall not receive aradiation dos

24、e exceeding the maximum safe limits as permittedby city, state, or national codes.7. Equipment and Materials7.1 Equipment:7.1.1 X-Radiation SourcesSelection of suitable X-ray ma-chines will depend upon variables regarding the specimenbeing examined and the size and type of defects being sought.The s

25、uitability of an X-ray machine shall be demonstrated byattainment of the required radiographic quality level, radio-graphic contrast, and compliance with all other requirementsstipulated in this Standard.7.1.1.1 Geometric magnification may be used with thefollowing caveats and considerations: a) The

26、 higher the mag-nification factor used, the smaller the area of inspectionbecomes within the part that is normal to the radiation beam.This makes detection of certain discontinuities, such as cracksthat occupy a significant portion of the part thickness morechallenging to detect. b) System spatial r

27、esolution increaseswith magnification, which can increase overall system sharp-ness. However, the maximum magnification allowed shall bebased on the unsharpness requirements of Table 1. c) Contrastto Noise increases with greater object to detector distancebecause less scatter radiation reaches the d

28、etector.7.1.1.2 When using magnification, the focal spot size shouldbe small enough to avoid unsharpness due to the size of thefocal spot in accordance with section 8.5 herein. For evaluationof a proper focal spot size, refer to Guide E 1000, subsection11.3 and Fig. 19.7.1.2 Gamma Radiation SourcesG

29、amma radiationsources are generally not suitable for the high contrast, highsensitivity requirements needed to meet the requirements ofthis practice. The use of gamma ray sources will only beallowed when approved by the CEO, or the certified Level 3Radiographer, or both. The suitability of a specifi

30、c gamma raysource shall be demonstrated by attainment of the requiredradiographic quality level, radiographic contrast, and compli-ance with all other requirements stipulated in this practice.7.1.3 Film Processing EquipmentThe following are thedescriptions of automatic processors and manual processi

31、ng inregards to film processing equipment.7.1.3.1 Automatic Film ProcessorsAutomatic film pro-cessors shall conform to the film manufacturers requirements(that is, time, temperature and replenishment rates) for filmprocessing, and be maintained in accordance with the manu-facturers recommendations i

32、n such a manner as to consistentlyproduce blemish free and archival quality radiographs. Auto-matic processor replenisher tanks, including auto mixers shallbe set up and maintained in accordance with the film manu-facturers recommendations, that is, floating lid in developertank, filters on replenis

33、hment lines, or cleaned periodically.7.1.3.2 Manual Film ProcessingManual processing tanksand film dryers shall conform to the film manufacturersrequirements (that is, stainless steel or other non-reactivematerial, proper covers) and shall be large enough to consis-tently produce blemish free and ar

34、chival quality radiographs.Manual tanks shall be cleaned and supplied with fresh chem-istry using the following guidelines:(1) Developer TankDrain and clean it when replenisherhas been added to an amount equal to five times the volume ofthe tank. The amount of replenisher added shall be recorded for

35、reference.(2) Fixer TankDrain and clean it when the clearing timeis twice as long as it was when fresh (fresh fixer will usuallyclear a film in approximately 60 seconds). The initial clearingtime shall be recorded for reference.(3) Wash and Stop Bath TanksThe wash tank and stopbath tanks shall be cl

36、eaned whenever the fixer or developertanks are cleaned.7.1.4 Digital Detector Array, or CR, or BothThe DDA, orCR, or both, must have an appropriate signal to noise ratio,contrast sensitivity, spatial resolution capability, image lag forDDA (or burn in)/effective erasure capability for CR, anddynamic

37、 range to show the required radiological quality levelas agreed upon between user and the CEO. Practices E 2446and E 2597 may be consulted for aid in determining relevantvariables and values to consider.7.1.4.1 Users shall comply with the manufacturers recom-mendations of temperatures for both opera

38、tion and shipping,and tolerances in the temperature thereof.TABLE 1 Image Unsharpness (Ui) (Maximum)Material Thickness (t), in. (mm) Ui, in. (mm)t # 0.5 (t # 12.7) 0.008 (0.203)0.5t# 1.0 (12.7 t # 25.4) 0.010 (0.254)1.0t# 2.0 (25.4 t # 50.8) 0.020 (0.508)2.0t# 4.0 (50.8 t # 101.6) 0.030 (0.762)4.0 t

39、 (101.6 t) 0.040 (1.016)E26620937.1.5 Upon installation of the DDA, or CR, or both, aninitial series of user tests to baseline attributes such as (but notlimited to) signal to noise ratio, contrast sensitivity, spatialresolution, image lag (for DDA)/ adequate erasure for CR, badpixels (for DDA), etc

40、., shall be as agreed upon between userand the CEO. Practices E 2446 and E 2597 may be consultedfor aid in determining relevant tests to measure these attributes.7.1.5.1 The DDA, or CR, or both, should be calibrated usingthe manufacturers recommendation both for frequency ofcalibration and the metho

41、d used.NOTE 1The calibration process is done to remove spatial inhomoge-neities of the images, and interpolation of bad pixels in a DDA.7.1.6 SoftwareThe DDA, or CR, or both, cannot beoperated without computing hardware and software for imageacquisition and image display. The software should be capa

42、bleto acquire the images frame by frame from a DDA and do animage calibration to correct the inhomogeneities of the DDAand to substitute bad DDA pixels. The software shall becapable to scale images in size (zoom) and gray levels byconverting images for optimal monitor display.7.1.7 Film, or Imaging

43、Plate Cassettes, or BothIn addi-tion to the requirements in Practice E 1742, exposure cassettesused for film and computed radiography imaging plates withenergies below 40 kV shall not interfere with the clarity of theradiological image.7.2 Materials:7.2.1 FilmOnly film systems meeting the Class I (o

44、rbetter) requirements of Test Method E 1815 shall be used.Class II films may be used in multi-load applications to imagevarying thickness ranges when approved by the CEO, or thecertified Level 3 Radiographer, or both.8. Procedure8.1 Special Handling RequirementsIdentify special han-dling requirement

45、s from purchase orders, engineering draw-ings, work orders, work instructions, or other authorizingdocuments that may be applicable. Special handling require-ments shall be noted on the Radiographic Technique, or ScanPlan, or both.8.2 Written Procedure (Radiologic Technique, or Scan Plan,or Both)A r

46、adiologic technique and/or scan plan shall beestablished and documented for each part radiographed. Thetechnique/scan plan shall be established with the acceptancecriteria for defect type and size in mind, and shall be capableof consistently producing the requirements for the requiredradiological qu

47、ality level and when applicable, radiographicfilm density and contrast. When digitizing techniques are usedthe acceptable pixel value range shall be agreed upon by theCEO and/or the Radiographic Level 3. Detailed informationrequired to be documented on the technique is referenced inPractice E 1742,

48、Section 6, and Practice E 1255, subsections5.2, A1.7, and A2.4, as applicable.8.3 IQI SelectionAs stated in Section 4, either hole typeor wire type IQIs may be used provided they are fabricatedfrom radiologically similar material as described in PracticeE 1742.8.4 Non Requirement of IQIsIQIs are not

49、 required when:8.4.1 Examining assemblies for debris,8.4.2 Conducting radiology for defect removal providedfinal examination of the area includes an IQI,8.4.3 Examining to show material details or contrast be-tween two or more dissimilar materials, for example, such asexamining honeycomb structures to determine location, pres-ence, or absence of inserts or core splices,8.4.4 Non-use of IQI for other reasons not listed hererequires approval by the CEO, or the certified Level 3Radiographer, or both.8.5 Source to Detector DistanceThe minimum allowablesource-