1、Designation: E 2700 09Standard Practice forContact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds Using Phased Arrays1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes ultrasonic techniques for in-specting welds using phased array ultrasonic methods (seeNote 1).1.2 This pra
3、ctice uses angle beams, either in S-scan orE-scan modes, primarily for butt welds and Tee welds. Alter-native welding techniques, such as solid state bonding (forexample, friction stir welding) and fusion welding (for ex-ample, electron beam welding) can be inspected using thispractice provided adeq
4、uate coverage and techniques are docu-mented and approved. Practices for specific geometries such asspot welds are not included. The practice is intended to be usedon thicknesses of 9 to 200 mm (0.375 to 8 in.). Greater andlesser thicknesses may be tested using this standard practice ifthe technique
5、 can be demonstrated to provide adequate detec-tion on mockups of the same wall thickness and geometry1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.
6、The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.NOTE 1This practice is based on experience with ferrous and alumi-num alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this practiceprovided reference s
7、tandards can be developed that demonstrate that theparticular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by anultrasonic beam.NOTE 2For additional pertinent information, see Practices E 2491,E 317, and E 587.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 164 Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testi
8、ng of WeldmentsE 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristicsof Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systemswithout the Use of Electronic Measurement InstrumentsE 543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE 587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination
9、 bythe Contact MethodE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE 2192 Guide for Planar Flaw Height Sizing by UltrasonicsE 2491 Guide for Evaluating Performance Characteristicsof Phased-Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and Sys-tems2.2 ASME Standard:3ASME B and PV Code Section V, Article 4
10、2.3 ISO Standard:4ISO 2400 Reference Block for the Calibration of Equipmentfor Ultrasonic Examination2.4 ASNT Documents:5SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of NDT Person
11、nel2.5 AIA Standard:6NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this prac-tice, see Terminology E 1316.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Phased arrays are used for weld inspections for numer-ous applications. Indust
12、ry specific requirements have beendeveloped to control the use of this technology for thoseapplications. A general standard practice document is requiredto define the requirements for wider use of the technology.Several manufacturers have developed portable, user-friendly1This practice is under the
13、jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 onUltrasonic Method.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009. Published August 2009.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
14、 at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.4Ava
15、ilable from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.6Available from Aerospace Indus
16、tries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.instruments. Codes and code cases have been developed, or are
17、being developed, to cover phased array weld inspection re-quirements by organizations such as ASME. Practice E 2491covers setting up of phased arrays for weld inspections.Training programs for phased arrays have been set up world-wide. This practice provides procedural guidance for bothmanual and me
18、chanized scanning of welds using phased arraysystems.5. Significance and Use5.1 Industrial phased arrays differ from conventionalmonocrystal ultrasonic transducers since they permit the elec-tronic control of ultrasound beams. The arrays consist of aseries of individual transducer elements, each sep
19、arately wired,time-delayed and electrically isolated; the arrays are typicallypulsed in groups to permit “phasing,” or constructive-destructive interference.5.2 Though primarily a method of generating and receivingultrasound, phased arrays are also a method of scanning andimaging. While some scan pa
20、tterns emulate manual technol-ogy, other scans (for example, S-scans) are unique to phasedarrays. With their distinct features and capabilities, phasedarrays require special set-ups and standardization, as addressedby this practice. Commercial software permits the operator toeasily make set ups with
21、out detailed knowledge of the phasingrequirements.5.3 Phased arrays can be used in different ways: manual orencoded linear scanning; and different displays or combina-tions of displays. In manual scanning, the dominant displaywill be an S-scan with associated A-scans. S-scans have theadvantage over
22、E-scans that all the specified inspection anglescan be covered at the same time.5.4 The main advantages of using phased arrays for ultra-sonic weld examinations are:5.4.1 Faster scanning due to multiple angles on display atthe same time,5.4.2 Better imaging from the true depth S-scan,5.4.3 Data stor
23、age, for example, selected reflectors, forauditing, and archiving.5.4.4 Rapid and reproducible set-ups with electronic instru-ments.5.5 All personnel responsible for carrying out examinations,analysis and reporting results using this standard should beappropriately trained and qualified in accordanc
24、e with anationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel quali-fication practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT CP-189,SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similar document and certified bythe employer or certifying agency, as applicable. Additionally,there should also be training or knowledge and experien
25、cerelated to phased array equipment and techniques. Personnelperforming examinations to this standard should list thequalifying credentials in the examination report.6. Basis of Application6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or referencing this sta
26、ndard.6.2 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the contractualagreement, personnel performing examinations to this standardshall be qualified in accordance with a nationally or interna-tionally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice orstandard such asANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410,o
27、r a similar document and certified by the employer orcertifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard usedand its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractualagreement between the using parties.6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive AgenciesIf specifiedin the contractual agreeme
28、nt, NDT agencies shall be qualifiedand evaluated as described in Practice E 543. The applicableedition of Practice E 543 shall be specified in the contractualagreement.6.4 Procedures and TechniquesThe procedures and tech-niques to be used shall be as specified in the contractualagreement. Practice E
29、 2491 recommends methods of assessingperformance characteristics of phased array probes and sys-tems.6.5 Surface PreparationThe pre-examination surfacepreparation criteria shall be in accordance with 9.1 unlessotherwise specified.6.6 Timing of ExaminationThe timing of examinationshall be determined
30、by the contracting parties and in accor-dance with the stage of manufacture or in-service conditions.6.7 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of examination shallbe suitable to examine the volume of the weld plus the heataffected zone unless otherwise specified.6.8 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaR
31、eporting cri-teria for the examination results shall be in accordance with13.1, unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria arenot specified in this standard, they shall be specified in thecontractual agreement.6.9 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked ItemsReexamination of repaired/reworked
32、items is not addressed inthis standard and if required shall be specified in the contrac-tual agreement.7. Equipment7.1 Phased Array Instruments:7.1.1 The ultrasonic phased array instrument shall be a pulseecho type and shall be equipped with a standardized dB gain orattenuation control stepped in i
33、ncrements of 1 dB minimum,containing multiple independent pulser/receiver channels. Thesystem shall be capable of generating and displaying bothB-scan and S-scan images, which can be stored and recalled forsubsequent review.7.1.2 The phased array system shall have on-board focal lawgeneration softwa
34、re that permits direct modification to ultra-sonic beam characteristics. Specific delay calculations may beperformed by the system itself or imported from externalcalculations.7.1.3 The phased array system shall have a means of datastorage for archiving scan data. An external storage device,flash ca
35、rd or USB memory stick can be used for data storage.A remote portable PC connected to the instrument may also beused for this purpose. If instruments do not inherently storeA-scan data, such as some manual instruments, the final imageonly may be recorded.7.1.4 The phased array system shall be standa
36、rdized foramplitude and height linearity in accordance with PracticeE 2491 annually, as a minimum.E27000927.1.5 The instrument shall be capable of pulsing and receiv-ing at nominal frequencies of 1 MHz to 10 MHz. For specialapplications, frequencies up to 20 MHz can be used, but mayrequire special i
37、nstrumentation with appropriate digitization,and special approval.7.1.6 The instrument shall be capable of digitization ofA-scans at a minimum of five times the nominal frequency ofthe probe used. Amplitude shall be digitized at a resolution ofat least 8-bit (that is, 256 levels).7.1.7 The instrumen
38、t shall be capable of equalizing theamplitude response from a target at a fixed soundpath for eachangle used in the technique (angle corrected gain (ACG)thereby providing compensation for wedge attenuation varia-tion and echo-transmittance).7.1.8 The instrument shall also be equipped with facilities
39、 toequalize amplitudes of signals across the time-base (time-corrected gain).7.2 Phased Array Probes:7.2.1 The application requirements will dictate the design ofthe phased array probe used. Phased array probes may be usedwith a removable or integral wedge, delay-line, or in animmersion or localized
40、 bubbler system mode. In some cases aphased array probe may be used without a refracting wedge ordelay-line (that is, just a hard wear-face surface).7.2.2 Phased array probes used for weld examination maybe of 1D, 1.5D or 2D design. Only 1D arrays or dual arraysconfigured with side-by-side transmitt
41、er-receiver arrays (as inTransmit-Receive Longitudinal wave probes) shall be usedwith manual scanning techniques. For 2D arrays, which useelectronic oscillation, calibration should be performed at allskewed angles.7.2.3 The number of elements in the phased array probe andthe element dimensions and p
42、itch shall be selected based on theapplication requirements and the manufacturers recommendedlimitations.7.2.4 The probe selected shall not have more elements thanthe number of elements addressable by the pulser-receiversavailable in the phased array instrument being used.7.2.5 When refracting wedge
43、s are used to assist beamsteering, the natural incident angle of the wedge shall beselected such that the angular sweep range of the examinationtechnique used does not exceed the manufacturers recom-mended limits for the probe and mode (compression ortransverse) used.7.2.6 Refracting wedges used on
44、curved surfaces shallrequire contouring to match the surface curvature if thecurvature causes a gap between the wedge and examinationsurface exceeding 0.5 mm (0.020 in.) at any point.8. Standardization8.1 Range:8.1.1 The instrument display shall be adjusted using theA-scans for each focal law used t
45、o provide an accurateindication of sound travel in the test material. Range standard-ization shall include correction for wedge travel time so thatthe zero-depth position in the test piece is accurately indicatedfor each focal law.8.1.2 Time base linearity and accuracy shall be verified inaccordance
46、 with the guidelines in Practice E 2491, or PracticeE 317, or both.8.1.3 Volume-corrected B-scan or S-scan displays shallindicate the true depth to known targets to within 5 % of thephysical depth or 3 mm, whichever is less.8.1.4 Range standardization shall be established using theradius surfaces in
47、 reference blocks such as the IIW Block andthese blocks shall be made of the same material or acousticallysimilar material as the test piece.8.2 Sensitivity:8.2.1 Reference standards for sensitivity-amplitude stan-dardization should be designed so that sensitivity does not varywith beam angle when a
48、ngle beam testing is used. Sensitivityamplitude reference standards that accomplish this are side-drilled holes parallel to the major surfaces of the plate andperpendicular to the sound path, flat-bottomed holes drilled atthe testing angle, and equal-radius reflectors. Surface notchesmay be used und
49、er some circumstances but are not generallyrecommended.8.2.2 Standardization shall include the complete ultrasonicphased array system and shall be performed prior to use of thesystem in the thickness range under examination.8.2.3 Standardization on reference block(s) shall be per-formed from the surface (clad or unclad; convex or concave)corresponding to the surface of the component from which theexamination will be performed.8.2.4 The same couplant to be used during the examinationshall be used for standardization.8.2.5 The same contact wedges or immersion/bubbler sys
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