ASTM E2708-2018 Standard Terminology for Accreditation and Certification《认证和认证的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: E2708 17E2708 18 An American National StandardStandard Terminology forAccreditation and Certification1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2708; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year

2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology defines terms related to accreditation and certification. These terms are compiled from existingAS

3、TM E36standards and other sources to enable the development of future ASTM documents and to provide guidance on proper usage ofthe terms. The first edition of this standard contained terms relating to personnel certificate and certification programs and isexpanded. The source document for each defin

4、ition is cited when an appropriate document is available. Many definitions are theproduct of the committee that compiled this terminology, and as such, are the result of the collected knowledge and experienceof the committee members.1.1.1 Since accreditation and certification are being carried out b

5、y many different bodies in many fields, usage of descriptiveterms can vary. There is no attempt to include all accreditation and certification terms in this terminology. Rather, this terminologycontains those terms most commonly encountered in accreditation and certification programs.1.2 This intern

6、ational standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Commi

7、ttee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4538 Terminology Relating to Protective Coating and Lining Work for Power Generation FacilitiesE1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment (Withdrawn 2006)3E1424 Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Cur

8、tain Walls, and Doors UnderSpecified Pressure and Temperature Differences Across the SpecimenE1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE1986 Guide for Information Access Privileges to Health Information (Withdrawn 2017)3E2135 Terminology for Propert

9、y and Asset ManagementE2159 Guide for Selection, Assignment, and Monitoring of Persons To Be Utilized as Assessors/Auditors or Technical ExpertsE2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation in Thermal Analysis and RheologyE2659 Practice for Certificate Programs2.2 Other Standards:ASAE Certifi

10、cation and Accreditation Law Handbook, Second Edition, 20044ICE Basic Guide to Credentialing Terminology, 20065ISO 9000 Quality Management SystemsFundamentals and Vocabulary, 20006ISO/IEC 17000 Conformity AssessmentVocabulary and General Principles, 20046ISO/IEC 17011 Conformity AssessmentGeneral Re

11、quirements for Accreditation Bodies Accrediting Conformity AssessmentBodies, 20046ISO/IEC 17024 Conformity AssessmentGeneral Requirements for Bodies Operating Certification of Persons, 200361 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E36 on Accreditation judging whether an individ

12、ual or entity has met and continues to meet regulatoryrequirements; and recognizing the individual (certificant or license holder) or body (certification or licensure) as doing so.candidate, nin the context of personnel credentialing, an applicant who has fulfilled specified prerequisites, establish

13、ingeligibility to participate in the credentialing process. ISO/IEC 17024certificant, nin the context of personnel credentialing, an individual who has earned a credential awarded through a certificationprogram. ICEcertificate, na document (letter, card, or other medium) awarded to certificate holde

14、rs that designates the successful completionof the requisites of a credentialing programs requisites.program (certification or accreditation). E2659certificate holder, nin the context of personnel credentialing, an individual who an entity (person or body) which has been issueda certificate after su

15、ccessfully completing the requisites of a credentialing programs requisites.program (certification oraccreditation). E2659certificate of attendance/certificate of participation, na document issued after an individual attends or participates in aparticular meeting or course. ICEE2708 183DISCUSSIONTyp

16、ically, there is no knowledge assessed prior to issuing this type of document.Acertificate of attendance or participation is not a credential, becausethe recipients are not required to demonstrate competence through assessment or meet agreed upon professional or trade standards.certificate program,

17、na nondegree-granting education or training program consisting of (1) a learning event or series of eventsdesigned to educate or train individuals to achieve specified learning outcomes within a defined scope, and (2) a system designedto ensure individuals receive a certificate only after verificati

18、on of successful completion of all program requisites, including butnot limited to an evaluation of learner attainment of intended learning outcomes. E2659certification, nprocedure and action by a duly authorized body of determining, verifying, and attesting in writing to thequalifications of indivi

19、duals, processes, procedures, or items in accordance with applicable requirements.third-party attestationof conformity to specified requirements related to products, processes, systems, or persons. E1424professional certification, nin the context of personnel credentialing, procedure and action by a

20、 duly authorized body ofdetermining, verifying, and attesting in writing to the qualifications of individuals in a profession, in accordance with applicablerequirements associated with that profession.certification agency, nthe organizational or administrative unit that offers or operates, or both,

21、a certification program. ICEcertification board, na group of individuals appointed or elected to govern one or more certification programs, as well as thecertification agency, and responsible for all certification decision making, including governance. ICEcertification body/entity, na body that cond

22、ucts certifications of conformity. E1187certification mark, nthe symbol and use thereof which has been authorized by a certification body.certification process, nin the context of personnel credentialing, all activities by which a certification body establishes that anindividual fulfills specified r

23、equirements, including application, evaluation, decision on certification, surveillance, andrecertification.ISO/IEC 17024certification program, nthe standards, policies, procedures, assessment instruments, and related products and activities throughwhich individuals are publicly identified as qualif

24、ied in a profession, occupation, role, or skill. ICEcommittee/certification committee, na group of individuals appointed or elected to recommend and implement policy relatedto certification program operations. ICEcompetence, nin the context of personnel credentialing, demonstrated ability to apply k

25、nowledge and/or skills and, whererelevant, demonstrated personal plaint, nexpression of dissatisfaction, other than appeal, by any person or organization to a conformity assessment body oraccreditation body, relating to the activities of that body, where a response is expected. ISO/IEC 17000computer

26、-based testing (CBT), nin the context of personnel credentialing, use of computers to deliver assessments, andsometimes the scoring and reporting of these assessments.assessments of conformity.conflict of interest, na conflict between the private interests and the official or professional responsibi

27、lities of an individual ina position of influence and trust.confidentiality, nthe property that information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized individuals, entities, orprocesses. E1986conformity assessment, ndemonstration that specified requirements relating to a product, process, sy

28、stem, person, or body arefulfilled. ISO/IEC 17000DISCUSSIONThe subject field of conformity assessment includes activities defined elsewhere such as testing, inspection and certification, as well as the accreditationof conformity assessment bodies.DISCUSSIONThe expression object of conformity assessm

29、ent or object is used to encompass any particular material, product, installation, process, system, personor body to which conformity assessment is applied. A service is covered by the definition of a product.E2708 184third-party conformity assessment, nfor purposes of the certification of persons,

30、a conformity assessment activity that isperformed by a person or body independent of the person or organization being assessed. ISO/IEC 17000conformity assessment body, nentity that performs conformity assessment services such as testing, calibration, inspection, andcertification.DISCUSSIONFor the p

31、urpose of this document, conformity assessment bodies are laboratories, inspection bodies, certification bodies, proficiency testing providersand reference materials producers. An accreditation body is not considered a conformity assessment body since they accredit conformity assessmentbodies.confor

32、mity assessment system, nrules, procedures and management for carrying out conformity assessment. ISO/IEC 17000DISCUSSIONConformity assessment systems may be operated at international, regional, national or sub-national level.conformity surveillance, nevaluation of conformity to determine the contin

33、uing conformity with specified requirements. E1187consensus, ngeneral agreement or accord on a matter that all can support; a majority of opinion, but not necessarily unanimity.consensus process, na formal procedure for reaching general agreement or accord, which includes the elements of due process

34、.constructed-response question, n in the context of personnel credentialing, a type of test item in which the candidate producesthe answer (for example, an essay or a fill in the blank) rather than selecting from multiple-choice options.consultancy, nparticipation in any of the activities of a confo

35、rmity assessment body (CAB) subject to accreditation. ISO/IEC17011DISCUSSIONExamples include:(1) Preparing or producing manuals or procedures for a CAB;(2) Participating in the operation or management of the system of a CAB;(3) Giving specific advice or specific training towards the development and

36、implementation of the management system orcompetence of a CAB, or both; and(4) Giving specific advice or specific training for the development and implementation of the operational procedures of a CAB.content domains, nin the context of personnel credentialing, the set of organized categories charac

37、terizing subject matter underwhich knowledge and skills may be represented in specifications for assessment instruments. ICEcontinuing competence, nthe ability to provide service at specified levels of knowledge and skill, not only at the time of initialcertification/licensure but throughout an indi

38、viduals professional career. ICEcontinuing education, nin the context of personnel credentialing, activities, often short courses, that certified or licensedprofessionals engage in to receive credit for the purpose of maintaining continuing competence and renewing certification orlicensure. ICEcrede

39、ntialing, nthe process by which an entity authorized and qualified to do so, grants formal recognition to, or records therecognition status of individuals,persons, organizations, institutions, programs, processes, services, or products that meetpredetermined and standardized criteria. ASAEcredential

40、ing (licensing) authority, nan entity authorized and qualified to do so, that grants formal recognition to, or recordsthe recognition status of individuals, organizations, institutions, programs, processes, services, or products that meetpredetermined and standardized criteria. ASAEcredentialing pro

41、cess, na method for maintaining quality standards of knowledge and performance, and in some cases, forstimulating continued self-improvement. ICEcriterion-referenced standard, na pass-fail standard determined by characteristics of the test (for example, the difficulty) ratherthan characteristics of

42、the candidates (for example, the ability).decertify/decertification, nto withdraw certification from an individual.designation, nthe title or trademarked label applied to the achievement of a credential. ISO/IEC 17000E2708 185discipline/disciplinary action, nin the context of personnel credentialing

43、, a formal, published process for the enforcement ofstandards governing the professional behavior (that is, ethics, standards of practice) of certificants or licensees. ICEdocument(1) v, to confirm (usually in writing) that a document is genuine;(2) v, to bear witness that someone actually signed a

44、document, such as a will;(3) n, documentation as evidence such as policies and procedures, test reports, etc.due process, na fundamental principle of fairness in all legal matters, both civil and criminal, especially in the courts.DISCUSSIONIn certification, all procedures set by the certification b

45、ody must be followed for each individual so that no prejudicial or unequal treatment results.eligibility criteria, nin the context of personnel credentialing, published criteria or prerequisites, often benchmarks foreducation, training and experience, with which applicants must demonstrate complianc

46、e in order to qualify for certification orlicensure. ICEeligibility requirements, nthe documents that support and show compliance with eligibility criteria.endorsement, nthe act of pledging or committing support to a program, proposal, or candidate.equating, nin the context of personnel credentialin

47、g, a statistical process for determining comparability of scores across testforms in a given credentialing program.equivalence/equivalence of conformity assessment results, nsufficiency of different conformity assessment results to providethe same level of assurance of conformity with regard to the

48、same specified requirements. ISO/IEC 17000essential element, nin the context of personnel credentialing, a statement that is directly related to a standard and specifies whata credentialing program must do to fulfill the requirement of the standard. ICEexamination/test, na mechanism(s) that is part

49、of the evaluation, which measures a candidates knowledge or skill using oneor more means, such as written, oral, practical, and observational. E1187essay, nan examination that requires a relatively lengthy, written response to the presentation of the writers topic.multiple choice examination/test, nan assessment of knowledge in which candidates select the correct response from amongseveral choices or alternatives.performance examination/test, nan examination approach wherein candidates must interact wit