1、Designation: E2725 10Standard Guide forBasic Assessment and Management of Greenhouse Gases1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2725; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide provides a uniform set of options for communicating and planning greenhouse gas(GHG) management as well as strategies for addres
3、sing GHGs associated with a facilitys operations.This guide may not apply to entities where such GHG assessment and management is already widelyavailable through standard, uniform sets of guidance (for example, the construction of green buildings;mandatory air quality rules), or other standards. Thi
4、s guide provides a uniform voluntary frameworkfor identifying management options and steps that may be beneficial to evaluate (GHG) solutions. Itprovides basic management strategies for existing corporations, commercial businesses, and govern-ment facilities, even those currently outside of various
5、voluntary and regulatory schemes. Theenvironmental assessment and management strategies contained in this guide recognize the overallvalue of existing responses. This guide references and blends similar, effective programs and extendsthem to a consistent approach that will facilitate communication a
6、nd be a basic tool for business andindustry.BackgroundActivities that reduce GHG emissions or limit their atmospheric releases have beeninitiated internationally. This guide offers a framework of initiatives for individual or local efforts inmanaging GHG. To facilitate best practices, most GHG manag
7、ement programs establish a baseline ofcurrent emissions, establish objectives for reducing or managing those emissions, monitor progress inmeeting these objectives, and report (either internally or externally) the results of these efforts. Thisguide offers useful principles in determining options, a
8、nd in the selection of prudent activities, basedon various scenarios and technology improvements, to enhance preservation of life and environmentalconservation.1. Scope1.1 OverviewThis guide presents a generalized systematicapproach to voluntary assessment and management of thecauses and impacts of
9、GHGs. It includes actions, both institu-tional (legal) and engineering (physical) controls for GHGreductions, impacts, and adaptations. Options for a tieredanalysis provide a priority ranking system, to address the“worst first” challenges of a facility, addressing practicality andcost-benefit.1.2 Pu
10、rposeThe purpose of this guide is to provide aseries of options consistent with basic principles and practicesfor GHG-related action. This guide encourages consistent andcomprehensive assessment and management of GHG outcomesfrom facility and business operations.1.2.1 The guide also provides some hi
11、gh-level options forthe monitoring, tracking and performance to evaluate theeffectiveness of the commercial entitys strategy to ensure thata reasonable approach is taken.1.2.2 This standard ties into the ASTM Committee E50standards series related to environmental risk assessment andmanagement.1.3 Ob
12、jectivesThe objectives of this guide are to deter-mine the conditions of the facility and or/property with regardto the status of GHGs and actions to be taken to manage andreduce or offset those emissions.1.3.1 The guide provides a three-tiered decision strategythat focuses on business risk, cost-ef
13、fective solutions in re-sponse to greenhouse gases, and related issues such as the needfor energy independence.1.4 Limitations of this GuideGiven the variability of thedifferent types of facilities that may wish to use this guide, andthe existence of state and local regulations, it is not possible t
14、oaddress all the relevant standards that might apply to aparticular facility. This guide uses generalized language andexamples to guide the user. If it is not clear to the user how toapply standards to their specific circumstances, it is recom-mended that users seek assistance from qualified profess
15、ionals.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.05 on Environmental Risk Management.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. DOI:10.1520/E2
16、72510.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.4.1 Insurance IndustryThe effects of GHG on insurersare not clear. The definition of an insurable occurrence and acommencement point for when insurable claims are made,along wit
17、h when conditions were discovered and the actionableinformation leading to an insurable loss is not clear. It may beinappropriate to speculate on GHGs that are highly uncertainfor purposes of insurance related to specific events.1.4.2 This guide does not take a position on the science ofclimate chan
18、ge, its association with anthropogenic greenhousegases, or various mathematical models generated by interna-tional bodies.1.4.3 The guide does not address water vapor as a green-house gas.1.4.4 The guide only addresses anthropogenic greenhousegases.1.5 The guide uses references and information on th
19、econtrol, management and reduction of GHGs from many citedsources such as the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange, ISO, the World Resources Institute, and the NationalAcademy of Sciences.1.6 Several U.S.-based federal regulatory agencies served assources of information on existing and anticipat
20、ed regulationand management of GHGs including the Environmental Pro-tection Agency, the Department of Energy, and the Securitiesand Exchange Commission.1.7 This guide relies on current regulatory informationabout GHGs from various state agencies, including the Cali-fornia Air Resources Board, the Ma
21、ssachusetts and Connecti-cut Departments of Environmental Protection, the WesternClimate Initiative, and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.9 The values stated in inch-po
22、und units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Per-formance of Build
23、ingsE2432 Guide for General Principles of Sustainability Rela-tive to Buildings2.2 International Standards:3ISO 14001 :1996 Environmental Management SystemsSpecification with Guidance for Use4ISO 140641 :20060301, Greenhouse GasesPart 1:Specification with Guidance at the Organization Level forQuanti
24、fication and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emis-sions and RemovalsISO 140642 Part 2: Specification with Guidance at theProject Level for Quantification, Monitoring and Report-ing of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions or RemovalEnhancementsISO 140643 Part 3: Specification with Guidance for theValidatio
25、n and Verification of Greenhouse Gas AssertionsISO 14065 Greenhouse GasesRequirements for Green-house Gas Validation and Verification Bodies for Use inAccreditation or Other Forms of Recognition (ISO14065:2007 (E)2.3 Voluntary Registries:California Air Action RegistryThe Climate Registry (TCR) Anon-
26、profit corporation andcollaboration of states, provinces and tribes in NorthAmerica. The TRC established a voluntary infrastructurefor measuring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions. Itsgoal is the accurate, transparent and consistent measure-ment for GHGs.2.4 Regional Initiatives:Midwest Greenhou
27、se Gas AccordRegional Greenhouse Gas InitiativeWestern Climate Initiative2.5 National Initiatives:American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (byCongressmen Waxman and Markey)Americas Climate Security Act of 2007 (by SenatorsLieberman and Warner)NOTE 1These bills were not enacted.2.6 Government R
28、eferences:Congressional Budget Office, 2008, Policy Options forReducing CO2emissionsNational Science and Technology Council, Committee onEnvironment and Natural Resources, 2008, ScientificAssessment of the Effect of Global Change on the UnitedStatesUnited States Climate Change Science ProgramNationa
29、l Academy of Sciences, (NAS) 2008, Understand-ing and Responding to Climate ChangeNOTE 2Links to some references are provided in Appendix X3.2.7 WRI Document:5WRI Greenhouse Gas Protocol, Scope 1, 2, and 33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 allowanceAn authorization to emit a fixed amountof carbon d
30、ioxide. Generally one metric ton of emissionsequals one allowance.3.1.2 baseline/creditA type of emissions trading schemewhere firms are encouraged to reduce their greenhouse gasemissions below a projected “business as usual” path ofincreasing emissions. Any reductions below that future pathearns cr
31、edits for the difference which can be sold to otheremitters struggling to contain increases to baseline levels.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the s
32、tandards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Products of ISO/TC 207 for which ASTM E50 was a participant on behalf ofANSI.5Available from World Resources Institute (WR
33、I), 10 G Street, NE, Suite 800,Washington, DC 20002, http:/www.wri.org.E2725 1023.1.3 business riskThe likelihood that the operation couldbe subjected to future government regulations, industry stan-dards, customer demand or shareholder decisions requiringmeasurement, disclosures, actions and/or pla
34、nning to documentand reduce greenhouse gases.3.1.4 cap and tradeThe most popular type of emissionstrading scheme where emissions are subject to a cap, permitsare issued up to that cap, and a market allows those emittingless than their quota of the cap to sell their excess permits toemitters needing
35、to buy extra to meet their quota.3.1.5 carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e)Schemes thatmeasure other greenhouse gas emissions, such as methane, bycomputing the amount of CO2that would have the sameeffects.3.1.6 carbon footprintThe impact of human activities interms of the amount of greenhouse gases they
36、 produce. Theemissions associated with the use of power, transport, food andother consumption for an individual, family or organization areadded up to give one comparable measure in units of carbondioxide equivalent.3.1.7 carbon taxOne form of carbon price on greenhousegas emissions. Set by governme
37、nts, a price on emissions isfixed and emitters are allowed to emit whatever they want atthat price.3.1.8 The Climate RegistryA compact of 43 States, Prov-inces, and Tribes in the U. S., Canada, and Mexico that haveagreed to recognize voluntary carbon measurements and im-provements by facilities.3.1.
38、9 direct greenhouse gas emissionAir discharges fromsources owned or controlled by the individual or organization.3.1.10 emission or removal factorRelating activity data toGHG discharge reductions which could include an oxidationcomponent.3.1.11 energy conservationPerforming less work, usingless ligh
39、t, heat, and movement.3.1.12 energy effciencyPerforming the same amount ofwork, using less light, heat, and movement.3.1.13 energy indirect greenhouse gas emissionDischarges to the air from the generation of imported electric-ity, heat, or steam consumed by the individual or organization.3.1.14 Ener
40、gy StarAppliance efficiency rating programfor the U. S. Federal Government.3.1.15 financial statementsInclude, but are not limited to,statements associated with shareholder reporting, periodicreports, registration statements, loans, mergers, acquisitions, ordivestures. Financial statements may inclu
41、de statements out-side of SEC filings.3.1.16 green buildingsAs defined in Terminology E2114and Guide E2432.3.1.17 greenhouse gases (GHGs)Vaporous constituentsof the earths atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, thatabsorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths, includingcarbon dioxide, meth
42、ane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons,perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride.3.1.18 greenhouse gas activity dataA quantitative mea-sure of activity that results in an emission or removal.(Examples of activity data include the amount of energy, fuelsor electricity consumed, material produced, ser
43、vice provided,or area of land affected.)3.1.19 greenhouse gas assertionA declaration or factualand objective statement made by the “responsible party” thatmay be presented at a point of time or may cover a period oftime. It should be clear, identifiable, and consistent.3.1.20 greenhouse gas emission
44、The total mass of a GHGreleased to the atmosphere over a specified period of time.3.1.21 greenhouse gas information systemThe policies,processes and procedures to establish, manage, and maintainGHG information.3.1.22 greenhouse gas inventoryAn individuals or orga-nizations greenhouse gas sources, gr
45、eenhouse gas sinks, GHGemissions and removals.3.1.23 greenhouse gas programsVoluntary or mandatoryinternational, national, or sub-national system or scheme thatregisters, accounts, or manages GHG emissions, removals,emission reductions, or removal enhancements outside theorganization or GHG project.
46、3.1.24 greenhouse gas projectAn activity or activities thatalter the conditions identified in the baseline scenario whichcause GHG emission reductions or GHG removal enhance-ments.3.1.25 greenhouse gas removalThe total mass preventedfrom being emitted to the atmosphere over a specified period oftime
47、.3.1.26 greenhouse gas reportA stand-alone documentintended to communicate an organizations or projects GHG-related information to its intended users. (A GHG report caninclude a GHG assertion.)3.1.27 greennhouse gas sourceA physical unit or processthat releases a GHG into the atmosphere.3.1.28 hydro
48、gen technologiesGenerally, a Tier 3 emerg-ing technology that substitutes H2 for liquid petroleum hydro-carbon fuels.3.1.29 Kyoto ProtocolAn international treaty signed byover 300 countries, with commitments to address, among otherissues, greenhouse gases.3.1.29.1 DiscussionThe Treaty was ratified b
49、y over 180parties.3.1.30 mitigationAttempts to lower or compensate forgreenhouse gas emissions through energy conservation, alter-native forms of energy generation, carbon offsets, or seques-tration of carbon dioxide and other gases.3.1.31 NOxNitrogen oxide compounds measured andregulated in air emissions.3.1.32 offsetsA technique of compensating for the green-house gas emissions of an organization through acquisition ofoutside resources that reduce carbon.3.1.33 other indirect greenhouse gas emissionAir dis-charges, othe
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