1、Designation: E2751/E2751M 17E2751/E2751M 17aStandard Practice forDesign and Performance of Supported Laminated GlassWalkways1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2751/E2751M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice addresses elements related to load-bearing glass walkways, glass treads, and glass l
3、andings constructed withlaminated glass. This standard includes performance, design, and safe behavior considerations. It addresses the characteristicsunique to glass and laminated glass. Issues that are common to all walkways, such as slip resistance, are addressed in existingreferenced standards.1
4、.2 This practice does not address glass walkways constructed with monolithic glass, glass block, insulating glass units, glasstiles that are directly bonded to a non-glass structural substrate, or glass walkways intended to support vehicular traffic.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-p
5、ound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport
6、 to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in ac
7、cordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
8、 Standards:2C1028 Test Method for Determining the Static Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by the HorizontalDynamometer Pull-Meter Method (Withdrawn 2014)3C1036 Specification for Flat GlassC1048 Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat GlassC1172 Spec
9、ification for Laminated Architectural Flat GlassE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in BuildingsF609F1637 Test Method for Using a Horizontal Pull Slipmeter (HPS)Practice for Safe Walking SurfacesF2508 Practice for Validation, Calibration,
10、 and Certification of Walkway Tribometers Using Reference Surfaces2.2 ANSI Standard:3ANSI/ASSE TR-A1264.3-2007A137.1 ANSI Technical Report, Using Variable Angle Tribometers (VAT) for Measurement ofthe Slip Resistance of Walkway SurfacesAmerican National Standard Specification for Ceramic Tile2.3 UL
11、Standard:5UL 410 Standard for Safety for Slip Resistance of Floor Surface Materials1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.56 on Performanceof Railing Systems and Glass for Floors and Stairs.Curr
12、ent edition approved Jan. 1, 2017July 1, 2017. Published January 2017July 2017. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 20132017 asE2751/E2751M13.17. DOI: 10.1520/E2751_E2751M-17.10.1520/E2751_E2751M-17A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or c
13、ontactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This
14、document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions
15、 as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of gener
16、al terms related to building construction used in this practice, refer to TerminologyE631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 duration of loadthe period of continuous application of a given load, or the aggregate of periods of intermittentapplications of the same load.3.2.1.1 Di
17、scussionAny load duration longer than one hour shall be considered a permanent load. Uniformly distributed live loads shall have a loadduration of at least one hour. Concentrated live loads shall have a load duration of at least ten minutes.3.2.2 ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) interlayerco-polymer of
18、ethylene and vinyl acetate used to permanently bond two or morelites of glass.3.2.3 glass-clad polycarbonate laminateassembly consisting of two or more lites of glass and one or more sheets ofpolycarbonate bonded by interlayers.3.2.4 ionomer interlayera partially neutralized copolymer of ethylene an
19、d acrylic or methacrylic acid, used to permanentlybond two or more lites of glass.3.2.5 laminated glassan assembly consisting of two or more lites of glass bonded by an interlayer.3.2.6 liquid resin interlayerliquid formulations, generally polyester-, urethane-, or acrylic-based, that react to form
20、solidinterlayers after being introduced between two lites of glass.3.2.7 polyurethane interlayerpolymer sheeting based on isocyanates and mostly polyester or acrylic polyols, or both.3.2.8 polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayerpolymer sheeting prepared from polyvinyl alcohol by reaction with butyraldehy
21、deused to permanently bond two or more lites of glass.3.2.9 post-breakage glass retentionthe ability of the broken glass to remain in place so as to reduce cutting and piercinginjuries from the broken shards and to prevent fall through or glass fallout.3.2.10 slip resistantthe provision of adequate
22、slip resistance to reduce the likelihood of slip for pedestrians using reasonablecare on the walking surface under expected use conditions.3.2.11 supported glass walkwayany glass walkway with a free spanning section, including continuous or local multiplesupports at the edge or any location of the g
23、lass.3.2.12 walkway surfacesinterior and exterior walking surfaces constructed and intended for pedestrian use, including but notlimited to floors, ramps, sidewalks, and stair treads.4. Significance and Use4.1 Glass is a brittle material with different time and temperature-dependent properties than
24、other solid materials used aswalkways surfaces. Therefore, the type of glass is an important consideration in the design and construction of glass treads andglass landings constructed with laminated glass.4.2 Post-breakage glass retention is an important consideration in the design of a glass walkwa
25、y system as a means ofminimizing tripping, cutting/piercing injuries, or fall-through or fallout of the glass.4.3 The structural design shall be confirmed by calculations by a licensed design professional in accordance with Section 5.4.4 If testing is required (see 4.4.1 4.4.3) to verify post-glass
26、breakage behavior of the glass walkway, the testing shall be inaccordance with Section 6.4.4.1 For laminates with two glass plies, verification testing is required.4.4.2 For laminates with more than two glass plies, verification testing is not required provided that calculations completed inaccordan
27、ce with 4.3 demonstrate that the glass assembly has sufficient strength to sustain the full design load with any one glassply broken.4.4.3 When verifying post-breakage behavior by calculation, allowable glass stress for 10 min load duration in accordance withTable 1 shall be used for all load cases.
28、4.5 The manufacturer or designer of glass walkway systems shall provide installation directions and fabrication and installationtolerances of their systems.4.6 The structural integrity of the glass walkway system after glass breakage shall be sufficient to support the design loads afterany one glass
29、 ply is broken. If damage of any kind occurs, the walkway shall be cordoned off and the installation shall be inspectedto ensure structural integrity and pedestrian safety of the system.E2751/E2751M 17a25. Calculation Procedure5.1 Use established engineering methods, such as engineering mechanics or
30、 finite element analysis, to determine glass assemblystresses and deflections. Such methods shall account for temperature, boundary conditions, loading requirements, load duration,interlayer properties, and glass strength.5.2 Design Criteria:5.2.1 Assign nominal load conditions or combinations of lo
31、ad conditions as required by the specifying authority. Additionally,the final design shall include consideration of a concentrated live load of at least 136 kg 300 lb applied to all glass walkingsurfaces in a 2600 mm2 4 in.2 area.5.2.2 Determine maximum allowable material stress.5.2.2.1 GlassRefer t
32、o Table 1 to determine allowable glass stress.(1) Use minimum glass thickness in accordance with Specification C1036, Table 2, for design purposes.5.2.2.2 InterlayerConsult the interlayer manufacturer for interlayer material properties, load duration and temperaturebehavior. Typical interlayers are
33、PVB, ionomer, liquid resin, EVA, and polyurethane.5.2.2.3 Other Laminate MaterialsConsult the supplier for properties of other laminate materials, such as polycarbonate.5.2.3 The structural support system shall provide sufficient strength to support the combined applicable loads.5.2.4 Deflection of
34、the floor members shall conform to relevant building code requirements.6. Post-breakage Verification Test Methods6.1 Assign nominal load conditions or combinations of load conditions as required by the specifying authority.6.2 Test for the dominant load case (uniform load or concentrated load) as de
35、termined by calculations in accordance withSection 5.6.3 Test the glass as a system with frame and attachments.6.4 For walkways with two supported edges, test a panel with the largest span between supports. For walkways with three ormore supported edges, test the sample size that represents the most
36、 demanding or highest stress condition.6.5 Condition glass for at least four hours at the same temperature at which it will be tested.6.6 Conduct testing at the maximum temperature for the intended use environment. When the intended end use environment isunknown, conduct testing at 50C50 C and 0C 6
37、5C.0 C 6 5 C.6.7 Concentrated Load Testing:6.7.1 Break any one glass lite to produce the most unfavorable results. The worst case condition shall be determined by analysisor all combinations of broken glass shall be tested.6.7.2 Apply the specified load over a 2600 mm2 4 in.2 area at a rate of 45.4
38、kg 100 lbs100 lb per minute up to the designload and hold for a duration of 10 min.6.7.3 At the conclusion of testing, no additional glass plies shall have broken.6.8 Uniform Load Testing:6.8.1 Break any one glass lite to produce the most unfavorable results. Worst case condition shall be determined
39、 by analysis orall combinations of broken glass shall be tested.6.8.2 Apply the specified uniform load at a rate of 30 psfmin up to the design pressure and hold for a duration of 60 min.6.8.3 At the conclusion of testing, no additional glass plies shall have broken.TABLE 1 Allowable Glass Stresses f
40、or Nominal Load ConditionsNOTE 1An allowable stress reduction factor of 0.5 is recommendedfor disruptive surface treatments, for example, sandblasting, unlessotherwise provided by the manufacturer. A glass stress reduction factormay be required for some acid etched or patterned glasses; consult them
41、anufacturer.NOTE 2Values derived from Practice E1300, Table X9.1 (seamededges), factored for load duration using Practice E1300, Equation X7.1,using n = 16 for annealed glass, n = 32 for heat strengthened glass, andn = 48 for tempered glass.Glass Type 3-secMPa psi 10-minMPa psi 60-minMPa psi Permane
42、ntMPa psiAnnealed 18.3 2650 13.2 1902 11.7 1701 5.7 827Heat-strengthened36.5 5300 30.9 4482 29.2 4235 20.3 2944Tempered 73.0 10 600 65.3 9471 63.0 9137 49.4 7165E2751/E2751M 17a37. Other Considerations7.1 Slip Resistance:7.1.1 A minimum static coefficient of friction of 0.5 is recommended for walkin
43、g surfaces under dry conditions. Wet orcontaminated conditions may require the use of special precautions and measures to minimize the risk of slips and falls.7.1.1 Non-level walkways or walkways on which other special activities take place, such as lifting, running, athletic activities,Walkway slip
44、 resistance should be commensurate with intended use, user populations, and foreseeable conditions andcontaminants. Non-level walkways, exterior walkways, walkways on which activities other than walking take place (for example,athletic events), and walkways that cater to special populations (for exa
45、mple, nursing homes, rehabilitation centers) may requirea higher level of slip resistance.resistance than other walkway surfaces. (See Practice F1637.)7.1.2 Appropriate levels of slip resistance can be accomplished through a variety of glass surface treatments, includingsandblasting, acid-etching, c
46、eramic frit, embossing, kiln casting/fusing, and other processes designed to treat the walking surface.7.1.3 The selection of the slip resistant treatment shall be made according to the intended use and desired durability of thewalking surface.7.1.4 Evaluate slip resistance using and report the slip
47、 resistance of manufactured glass walkway products in one of thefollowing test methods or by other methods selected as appropriate for use:ways:7.1.4.1 In accordance with ANSI A137.1.7.1.4.2 Test Method Testing using tribometers (slip testing devices) demonstrated to be valid in accordance with Prac
48、ticeC1028F2508;.7.1.4.3 Test Methodmethods F609;required or accepted by applicable local building codes and safety standards.7.1.4.4 UL 410;As specified by the designer.7.1.5.4 ANSI/ASSE TR-A1264.3-2007.7.1.5 Certifications of slip resistance shall be conducted by independent testing laboratories or
49、 agencies.7.2 Materials:7.2.1 Glass SelectionGlass selection is based on many factors, including strength, fabrication, durability, aesthetics, cost, andglass post-breakage behavior.7.2.1.1 Annealed GlassRefer to Specification C1036 for requirements pertaining to flat glass.7.2.1.2 Heat-Strengthened GlassRefer to Specification C1048 for requirements pertaining to heat-strengthened glass.7.2.1.3 Tempered GlassRefer to Specification C1048 for requirements pertaining to tempered glass.7.2.1.4 Laminated Glass
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