1、Designation: E2779 10 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forDetermining Particulate Matter Emissions from PelletHeaters1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2779; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operatingprotocol for determining particulate matter emissions from
3、fires in pellet or other granular or particulate biomass burningroom heaters and fireplace inserts.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not cons
4、idered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitati
5、ons prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Tec
6、hnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1102 Test Method for Ash in WoodD3176 Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and CokeD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsD5373 Test Methods for Determination of
7、 Carbon, Hydro-gen and Nitrogen inAnalysis Samples of Coal and Carbonin Analysis Samples of Coal and CokeE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-Derived Fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter (Withdrawn2011)3E777 Test Method for Carbon and Hydrogen in the
8、 AnalysisSample of Refuse-Derived Fuel (Withdrawn 2017)3E778 Test Methods for Nitrogen in Refuse-Derived FuelAnalysis SamplesE871 Test Method for Moisture Analysis of ParticulateWood FuelsE2515 Test Method for Determination of Particulate MatterEmissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel2.2 Other Stand
9、ards:CSA B415.1 (3rd Edition) Performance Testing of Solid-Fuel-Burning Heating Appliances4PFI Standard Specifications for Residential/CommercialDensified Fuel53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms used in this test method are definedin Terminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standar
10、d:3.2.1 automatically controlled heater, na heater where theburn rate is controlled by a means other than the direct actionof adjustment of a burn rate control device by the heater user.This includes heaters with thermostats, proportional controllersor other electronic or mechanical devices that con
11、trol the heateroperation in response to a room or other temperature set point.3.2.2 burn pot, nthe vessel or other defined area within thefirebox where fuel and air meet to initiate combustion.3.2.3 burn rate, nthe rate at which test fuel is consumed inthe pellet heater during a test run. Measured i
12、n kilograms (lb)(dry basis) per hour.3.2.4 firebox, nthe chamber in the pellet heater in whichprimary combustion of the fuel occurs.3.2.5 fuel feed system, nmechanism for delivering fuelfrom the hopper to the burn pot.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of
13、 Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2779-10. DOI:10.1520/E2779-10R17.2For referenced ASTM standards,
14、 visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Availab
15、le from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,Toronto, ON M9W 1R3, Canada, http:/www.csagroup.org.5Available from Pellet Fuels Institute (PFI), 2150 N 107th St, Suite 205, Seattle,WA 98133, http:/www.pelletheat.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, W
16、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World
17、Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.6 fuel grade, nvariations in the properties of fuelwithin any given fuel type. For wood pellets, grading is inaccordance with PFI Standard Specification for Residential/Commercial Densified Fuel is an example. For other fuel types,c
18、ertain physical or chemical properties may be used to differ-entiate between higher and lower fuel grades.3.2.7 fuel hopper, ncontainer where fuel is held beforebeing delivered to the burn pot by the fuel feed system.3.2.8 fuel type, nfor a pelletized fuel, the fuel type isdefined by the material th
19、at was pelletized (for example, “woodpellets” or “switch grass pellets”), and for non-pelletized fuel,the fuel type is defined by the material itself (for example,“corn,” “walnut hulls” or “cherry pits”).3.2.9 manually controlled heater, na heater where theburn rate is controlled by the direct actio
20、n of adjustment of aburn rate control device by the heater user.3.2.10 manufacturers written instructions, nspecific in-formation regarding the fueling and operation proceduresrecommended by the heater manufacturer and included withthe heater. These instructions must be consistent with informa-tion
21、provided to the heater end-user in the owners manual orequivalent.3.2.11 owners manual, nwritten information provided tothe heater end-user regarding the installation and recom-mended fueling and operating procedures that will help theheater user to achieve the best heater performance. It is alsoref
22、erred as the installation and operation guide or otherequivalent title.3.2.12 particulate matter (PM), nall gas-borne matterresulting from combustion of solid fuel, as specified in this testmethod, which is collected in accordance with Test MethodE2515.3.2.13 pellet burning heater, na heater specifi
23、cally de-signed to burn pellet, granular or particulate fuels only, andwhich includes a fuel hopper and fuel feed system as integralparts.3.2.14 pellet heater venting, nventing system or compo-nents specified for use with the pellet heater by the pellet heatermanufacturer.3.2.15 test facility, nthe
24、area in which the pellet heater isinstalled, operated, and sampled for emissions.3.2.16 test fuel, nfor any fuel type recommended by themanufacturer in the manufacturers written instructions or theowners manual for use in the pellet heater, the test fuel whenmore than one fuel grade is recommended i
25、s the lowestrecommended grade of that fuel type.3.2.17 test fuel weight, nthe mass of fuel burned in thepellet heater during the test run or test run segment.3.2.18 test run, nan integrated emission test cycle includ-ing test run segments ranging from minimum to maximumburn rates.3.2.19 test run seg
26、ments, nindividual portions of the testrun conducted at the minimum, medium, and maximum burnrates achievable by the pellet heater.3.2.20 wood heater, nan enclosed, wood burning appli-ance capable of, and intended for, space heating and/ordomestic water heating.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test
27、 method is used in conjunction with TestMethod E2515. The pellet heater under evaluation is fueledwith the fuel type or types specified by the pellet heatermanufacturer. The fuel types may be any pelletized, granular orparticulate biomass fuel for which the pellet heater has beendesigned to combust.
28、 The fuels must be able to be fed to thepellet heater burn pot from a fuel storage hopper using an augeror other fuel feeding mechanism. An integrated test run isconducted including three burn rate segments ranging from lowto maximum. The length of time of each burn rate segmentdetermines the weight
29、ing given to each segment in the inte-grated test result. The weight of the fuel is measured as thechange in weight of the heater from the beginning to end ofeach burn rate segment of the test run. Burn rate for each testrun segment is determined based on the weight of the fuelconsumed during the se
30、gment divided by the length of thesegment and corrected to a dry fuel basis. Particulate samplingbegins after the heater has been in operation at the burn ratesetting for the first test run segment for at least one hour and thetest run is terminated after the integrated test run cycle iscomplete. Th
31、e total particulate emissions are determined overthe full integrated test run length. The average particulateemissions rate is then determined from the total particulateemissions determined using Test Method E2515 divided by thelength of the integrated test run and is reported in grams ofparticulate
32、 per hour. The average particulate emission factormay also be determined from the total particulate emissionsdivided by the total dry basis weight of the fuel consumedduring the integrated test run and is reported in grams ofparticulate per dry kilogram of fuel. If the efficiency of theheater is mea
33、sured, average particulate emissions may also bereported in grams of particulate per unit of average heatdelivered over the integrated test run. A separate test run isrequired for each fuel type specified by the manufacturer foruse with the heater. If more than one grade of a given fuel typeis recom
34、mended by the manufacturer in the manufacturerswritten instructions for use in the heater, the test fuel shall bethe lowest recommended grade.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used for determining average emis-sion rates and average emission factors for pellet heaters.5.1.1 The emission
35、 factor is useful for determining emissionperformance during product development.5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air qualityregulatory community for determining compliance with emis-sion performance limits.5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air qualityregulatory community for
36、determining impacts on air qualityfrom pellet heaters.5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per hour andgrams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel.E2779 10 (2017)25.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissionsfrom all types of solid fuel fired appliances: g/kg.5.2.2 Appropri
37、ate reporting units for predicting atmosphericemission impacts: g/h or g/MJ.6. Safety6.1 DisclaimerThis test method may involve hazardousmaterials, operations, and equipment. This test method may notaddress all of the safety problems associated with its use. It isthe responsibility of the user of th
38、is test method to establishappropriate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to performing thistest method.7. Equipment and Supplies7.1 Platform ScaleA scale capable of weighing the testpellet heater and attached venting, including the weight o
39、f thetest fuel, to within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb). Must meet the calibrationrequirements specified in 8.1.7.2 Pellet Heater Flue Gas Temperature MeasurementDeviceA 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) diameter sheathed, non-isolatedjunction Type K thermocouple capable of measuring flue gastemperature with an accuracy of 2.2
40、 C (4.0 F) or 0.75 % ofthe reading, which ever is greater. Must meet calibrationrequirements specified in 8.2.8. Calibration and Standardization8.1 Platform ScalePerform a multipoint calibration (atleast five points spanning the operational range) of the platformscale before its initial use. The sca
41、le manufacturers calibrationresults are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certificationtest, audit the scale with the test fireplace in place by weighingat least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-sponds to between 20 and 80 % of the expected test fuel chargeweight. If the scale
42、 cannot reproduce the value of the calibra-tion weight within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb) or 1 % of the expected testfuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recalibrate the scalebefore use with at least five calibration weights spanning theoperational range of the scale.8.2 Temperature SensorsTemperature mea
43、suring equip-ment shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-annually thereafter. Calibrations shall be in compliance withNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Mono-graph 175Standard Limits of Error.9. Procedure9.1 Pre-conditioning of the Pellet HeaterThe pellet heaterm
44、ust be pre-conditioned before a test series begins.9.1.1 Set up the pellet heater in accordance with writteninstructions provided by the manufacturer. The total ventheight measured from the floor or top of the platform scaleshall be 4.6 6 0.3 m (15 6 1 ft) unless otherwise specified inthe manufactur
45、ers written instructions. The venting type usedshall be in accordance manufacturers written instructions.9.1.2 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device atthe center of the flue, 2.6 6 0.15 m (8.5 6 0.5 ft) above thefloor or top of the platform scale.9.1.3 Operate the pellet heater for at le
46、ast 48 hours at amedium burn rate as defined in 9.5.1 using any fuel specifiedby the manufacturer for use in the appliance. The hours ofoperation do not need to be continuous. Additional pre-conditioning is not required when additional fuel types aretested in the same test series.9.1.4 Record the ti
47、me and weight for all fuel added.9.1.5 Record the flue-gas temperature at least once duringeach hour of operation.9.1.6 Allow the pellet heater to cool to room temperatureand remove all ash, or other debris from the firebox.9.1.7 Clean the venting system using a standard chimneybrush appropriately s
48、ized for the chimney.9.2 Install the pellet heater in the test facility.9.2.1 Set up the pellet heater in accordance with instructionsprovided by the manufacturer. Place the pellet heater centrallyon the platform scale. The total vent height measured from thetop of the platform scale shall be 4.6 6
49、0.3 m (15 6 1 ft) unlessotherwise specified in the manufacturers written instructions.The venting type used shall be in accordance manufacturerswritten instructions.NOTE 1The venting that is used for testing should be documented inthe test data and test report.9.2.2 Center the vent outlet under the dilution tunnel hood.Refer to Test Method E2515 for specific requirements includ-ing positioning the flue outlet to meet induced draft and smokecapture requirements.9.2.3 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device atthe center of the vent,
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