1、Designation: E2831/E2831M 11 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Guide forDeployment of Blast Resistant Trash Receptacles inCrowded Places1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2831/E2831M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide identifies the key factors that should beconsidered prior to the deployment of blas
3、t resistant trashreceptacles (BRTRs) in crowded places.1.1.1 Guidance is included for their deployment at interiorand exterior locations associated with the crowded places.1.2 Facilities and venues where blast resistant trash recep-tacles may be deployed include, but are not limited to:1.2.1 Airport
4、s,1.2.2 Banks and other financial institutions,1.2.3 Bars and nightclubs,1.2.4 Convention centers,1.2.5 Entertainment and event centers,1.2.6 Hotels,1.2.7 Health care locations,1.2.8 Museums,1.2.9 Places of worship,1.2.10 Public government locations including fire and po-lice stations,1.2.11 Railway
5、 stations, bus stations, and related transitareas,1.2.12 Restaurants,1.2.13 Retail centers and malls,1.2.14 Schools, universities, and related areas used foreducation,1.2.15 Stadiums and arenas, and1.2.16 Theaters.1.3 Guidance on conducting a threat assessment or vulner-ability analysis, and on resp
6、onding to incidents associated withthe deployment of blast resistant trash receptacles is beyond thescope of this document.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefo
7、re, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standar
8、d to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on P
9、rinciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD747 Test Method for Apparent Bending M
10、odulus of Plas-tics by Means of a Cantilever BeamD790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-alsD882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingE2740 Specification for Trash Receptacles Subjected toBlast Resistance
11、Testing2.2 Government Standards:DoD 4145.26 M Department of Defense: DOD ContractorsSafety Manual for Ammunition and Explosives3DoD 6055.9 STD Department of Defense: DOD Ammuni-tion and Explosives Safety Standards42.3 Association Standard:APTA SS-SIS-RP-001-08 Recommended Practice for Trash/Recyclin
12、g Container Placement to Mitigate the Effects of1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on HomelandSecurity Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E54.08 onOperational Equipment.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2018. Published January 2018. Originallyapprov
13、ed in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E2831/E2831M 11.DOI: 10.1520/E2831_E2831M-11R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
14、Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Defense Technical Information Center, 8725 John J.Kingman Road, Suite 0944, Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060 6128.4Available from the worldwide web at: http:/www.ddesb.pentagon.mil/DoD6055.9-STD%205%20Oct%202004.pdf.Copyright ASTM International, 100
15、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Rec
16、ommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1an Explosive Event53. Terminology3.1 For terminology generally associated with explosives,refer to the glossaries given in DoD 4145.26 M and DoD6055.9 STD.3.1.1 Some of the definitions in this standard (
17、3.2) areeither adopted as exact copies, or are adapted, from DoD4145.26 M. Where adapted, changes to the DoD definitionswere made only to clarify the meaning or to incorporate relatedterms that also are defined in this terminology section.3.1.2 The DoD source is identified at the right marginfollowi
18、ng the definition. In addition, in cases where definitionshave been re-printed from standards developed by technicalcommittees other than E54, the ASTM source is also identifiedat the right margin following the definition.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 explosion, nchemical reaction of any chemical com-pound
19、(or mechanical mixture) that, when initiated, undergoesa very rapid combustion or decomposition releasing largevolumes of highly heated gases that exert pressure on thesurrounding medium.3.2.2 explosive, nany chemical compound (or mechanicalmixture) that, when subjected to heat, impact, friction,det
20、onation, or other suitable initiation, undergoes a very rapidchemical change with the evolution of large volumes of highlyheated gases that exert pressures in the surrounding medium.DoD 4145.26 M3.2.3 fireball, na highly luminous, intensely hot cloud ofdust, gas, or vapor, or a combination thereof,
21、generated by anexplosion.3.2.4 fragment, nsolid material propelled from an explo-sion as a result of fragmentation.3.2.4.1 primary fragment, nfragment produced from theexplosive device itself.3.2.4.2 secondary fragment, nfragment produced from thecontainer or environment where the container is place
22、d; a pieceof receptacle broken off as a result of the charge beingdetonated inside of it.3.2.5 fragmentation, nbreaking up of the confining mate-rial of a chemical compound (or mechanical mixture) when anexplosion takes place. D8823.2.6 overpressure, npressure, exceeding the ambientpressure, manifes
23、ted in the shock wave of an explosion. DoD4145.26 M3.2.7 rigid plastic, nfor purposes of general classification,a plastic that has a modulus of elasticity, either in flexure or intension, greater than 700 MPa 100 000 lbf/in2 at 23C 73 Fand 50 % relative humidity when tested in accordance withTest Me
24、thod D747, Test Methods D790, Test Method D638,orTest Methods D882. D8823.2.8 trash receptacle, npublic or commercial use refusebin that holds discarded items until collected.3.2.8.1 DiscussionThe capacity of a trash receptaclespecified according to this standard is typically less than 200 L50 gal.3
25、.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 blast resistance, nthe non-numerical attribute of atrash receptacle that is established when the results of explo-sive testing of the submitted specimens meet all performancerequirements given in Specification E2740.3.3.2 blast resistant trash
26、receptacle, na trash receptaclethat conforms to the requirements given in SpecificationE2740.3.3.3 crowded places, npublic areas where groups ofpeople may concentrate for a continuous or limited period oftime.3.3.3.1 DiscussionExamples of public areas that may becrowded include:(1) buildings and rel
27、ated structures such as parkinggarages, including their access and egress points,(2) entertainment and event venues,(3) transportation terminals such as airports, train stations,and other public transportation stations,(4) ticket counters, concession stands, retail stores, anddining establishments,
28、and(5) pedestrian walkways, sidewalks, streets, alleys, parks,plazas, playgrounds, schoolyards or other similar areas.3.3.4 force protection, nnumerical level of blast resistanceof a trash receptacle expressed in the mass equivalent oftrinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive.3.3.5 public area, na space or pl
29、ace that is open andaccessible to all people, regardless of whether it is publicly orprivately owned.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide takes into account two major factors, opera-tional and explosive effects considerations, that need to beconsidered when deploying blast resistant trash receptacles.4
30、.2 The guide provides a list of factors to be considered indeveloping a threat assessment evaluating the basis of thedeployment. For purposes of this standard, a major reason forconducting the threat assessment is to estimate the forceprotections required of the blast resistant trash receptaclesbein
31、g considered for deployment throughout the facility orvenue.4.3 Guidance for deployment is given in the form ofdirectives indicating where it is recommended or not recom-mended for generally placing the blast resistant trash recep-tacles at both exterior and interior locations of the facility orvenu
32、e. This guidance addresses both operational consider-ations and explosive effects considerations.4.3.1 Operational considerations pertain to those factors thatimpact the use of blast resistant trash receptacles with regard tothe collection and removal of trash from the facility or venueand factors r
33、elevant to bomb squads in the investigation andneutralization of a suspicious package.5Available from the American Public Transportation Association, 1666 K Street,NW, Washington, DC, 20006-1215.E2831/E2831M 11 (2018)24.3.2 Explosive effects considerations pertain to those fac-tors that contribute t
34、o mitigating the effects of an explosionoccurring as a result of an explosive device placed in thereceptacle.5. Significance and Use5.1 This standard is intended to provide guidance on thedeployment of blast resistant trash receptacles that focuses onthe mitigation of human injury. It is not in gene
35、ral intended toprovide guidance on the protection of structures in the vicinityof where the blast resistant trash receptacles are deployed.5.2 The importance of a strategy and procedures for thedeployment of blast resistant trash receptacles in crowdedplaces cannot be overly emphasized. Trash recept
36、acles incrowded places have been, and continue to be, an attractiverepository for explosives. The selection of deployment loca-tions impacts both the mitigation of the effects of an explosionoccurring within one as well as the convenience of using thereceptacles.5.3 Two major effects resulting from
37、an explosion in a trashreceptacle are the production of primary and secondary frag-ments as well as overpressure from the detonation. Therecommendations in this guide are intended to mitigate thedamaging effects of fragmentation and overpressure incrowded places.5.4 Another effect resulting from an
38、explosion in a trashreceptacle is the fireball. This effect may cause burns to peoplecaught within or near to the fireball. Also, it is possible that theheat output from an explosion may cause nearby combustiblematerial to ignite. It is important, therefore, that blast resistanttrash receptacles are
39、 not placed near combustible materials.5.5 The deployment of blast resistant trash receptaclesprovides a means for decreasing injury and lethality during anexplosive event no matter their location when compared to theprotection afforded by ordinary trash receptacles or clearplastic bags. Fragments r
40、esulting from explosions create thegreatest danger to people as fragments may travel severalhundred meters and still have velocities that could be lethal orinjurious. Blast resistant trash receptacles that meet the require-ments of Specification E2740 when subjected to internalexplosions equal to or
41、 less than the force protection ratingcontain horizontal primary fragments and do not producesecondary fragments.5.6 This guide provides general provisions for the deploy-ment of blast resistant trash receptacles. Every facility or venuehas unique features associated with factors such asdemographics
42、, location, and functions. Operational and explo-sive effects considerations (see Section 7) provide basicrecommendations that may be sufficient for many facilitiesbuildings and venues, but may not be specifically applicable toothers. For example, special security concerns at high valuefacilities or
43、 high pedestrian count venues will require guidanceconcerning the deployment of blast resistant trash receptaclesfrom security personnel familiar with that facility.5.7 The guide is intended for use by individuals in both theprivate and public sectors who are considering the purchaseand deployment o
44、f blast resistance trash receptacles.6. Threat Assessment Considerations6.1 Facilities and venues that do not have a security threatassessment should develop one when considering the deploy-ment of blast resistance trash receptacles.6.2 Facility and Venue Threat Assessment ConsiderationsThe facility
45、 and venue threat assessment provides the forceprotections desired at various deployment locations. The threatassessment should include a site survey of the facility or venue.The survey team should include all stakeholders of the facility,security personnel, and the first responder community thatwou
46、ld come to the facility for emergencies. This site surveyshould consider, at a minimum, the following:6.2.1 Crowded places.6.2.2 Access and egress points for pedestrians.6.2.3 Pedestrian bottlenecks.6.2.4 Walkways and related areas.6.2.5 Security checkpoints.6.2.6 Locations of critical structural el
47、ements such ascolumns, beams, and load-bearing walls.6.2.7 Locations where combustible, flammable, and toxicmaterials are located.6.2.8 Enclosed spaces such as alcoves and passageways.6.2.9 Exterior of the facility or venue.6.2.10 Parking areas and parking structures.6.2.11 LandscapingLandscaping is
48、 important because itcan provide locations for possible concealment of explosives.6.2.12 Materials used in, and methods of, construction forcomponents such as walls, ceilings, floors, platforms, stair-ways.6.2.13 Ceiling heights.6.2.14 Doors, Windows and SkylightsLocation, type ofstructural surround
49、ings and glazing component composed ofglass or rigid plastic.6.2.15 Locations of utilities such as HVAC, electrical,communications, gas lines, fire life-safety systems and steamlines.6.2.16 Existing security assets such as security staffdeployment, closed-circuit TVs, gates, intruder deterrents.6.2.17 Secure public areas where screening occurs beforeentry.6.2.18 Building areas not accessible to the public.6.2.19 Operational considerations of first responders.7. Guidelines for Deployment-Considerations Applicableto All Facilities and Venues7.1 General Co
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