1、Designation: E2863 12E2863 17Standard Practice forAcoustic Emission Examination of Welded Steel SpherePressure Vessels Using Thermal Pressurization1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2863; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice is commonly used for periodic inspection and testing of welded stee
3、l gaseous spheres (bottles) is the acousticemission (AE) method. AE is used in place of hydrostatic volumetric expansion testing. The periodic inspection and testing ofbottles by AE testing is achieved without depressurization or contamination as is required for hydrostatic volumetric expansiontesti
4、ng.1.2 The required test pressurization is achieved by heating the bottle in an industrial oven designed for this purpose. Themaximum temperature needed to achieve the AE test pressure is 250F (121C).1.3 AE monitoring of the bottle is performed with multiple sensors during the thermal pressurization
5、.1.4 This practice was developed for periodic inspection and testing of pressure vessels containing Halon (UN 1044), which iscommonly used aboard commercial aircraft for fire suppression. In commercial aircraft, these bottles are hermetically sealed bywelding in the fill port. Exit ports are opened
6、by explosively activated burst disks. The usage of these pressure vessels intransportation is regulated under US Department of Transportation (DOT), Code of Federal Regulations CFR 49. A DOT specialpermit authorizes the use of AE testing for periodic inspection and testing in place of volumetric exp
7、ansion and visual inspection.These bottles are spherical with diameters ranging from 5 to 16 in. (127 to 406 mm).1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onl
8、y and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitati
9、ons prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Rec
10、ommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive TestingE650E1106 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emissi
11、on SensorsE976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor ResponseE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1781 Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission SensorsE2075 Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response Using an Acrylic RodE2
12、374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification2.2 ASNT Standards:3SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and CertificationANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel1 This practice is un
13、der the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic EmissionMethod.Current edition approved June 15, 2012June 1, 2017. Published July 2012June 2017. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2011
14、2012 asE2863 - 11.E2863 - 12. DOI:10.1520/E2863-12.DOI:10.1520/E2863-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the AS
15、TM website.3 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been m
16、ade to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A
17、 Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 Code of Federal Regulations:Section 49 Code of Federal Regulations, Hazardous Materials Regulations of the Department o
18、f Transportation, Paragraphs173.34, 173.301, 178.36, 178.37, and 178.4542.4 Compressed Gas Association Standard:Pamphlet C-5 Service Life, Seamless High Pressure Cylinders52.5 ISO Standard6ISO 9712 Non-Destructive Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Termi
19、nology E1316 for general terminology applicable to this test method.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 marked service pressurepressure for which a vessel is rated. Normally, this value is stamped on the vessel4. Summary of Practice4.1 Acoustic emission (AE) sensors are mounted
20、on a pressure vessel, and emission is monitored while the pressure vessel isheated to a pre-determined temperature for achieving the desired AE test pressure. The elevated temperature results in expansionof the gaseous component and causes the increase of the internal pressure. This increasing press
21、ure applies stress in the pressurevessel wall. The ultimate pressure is calculated based on the contents of the pressure vessel (bottle) and maximum operatingtemperature that bottle has been exposed (for example, during fast filling).4.2 Sensors are mounted in at least six positions on the vessel an
22、d are connected to an acoustic emission signal processor. Thesignal processor uses measured times of arrival of emission bursts to determine the location of emission sources on the vesselssurface. The locations are continually checked for clustering. If a cluster grows large enough (refer to Appendi
23、x X1), and/or itsbehavior with increasing temperature (pressure) departs significantly from a linear increase (refer to Appendix X1), the vessel isdeclared unsatisfactory for continued service.4.3 Bottles that fail this AE examination procedure cannot be subjected to a secondary examination (for exa
24、mple, hydrostaticvolumetric expansion test) because the AE test is the more sensitive test. When a bottle has been rejected by an AE test, it shouldbe rendered unserviceable.4.4 Once a bottle has reached a temperature of 110F (43.3C) during an AE examination, it may not be re-examined for aperiod of
25、 six months unless the physical state of the bottle has been changed by refilling or external damage.5. Significance and Use5.1 Because of safety considerations, regulatory agencies (for example, U.S. Department of Transportation) require periodictests of pressurized vessels used in commercial aviat
26、ion. (see Section 49, Code of Federal Regulations). AE estingtesting hasbecome accepted as an alternative to the common hydrostatic proof test.5.2 An AE test should not be conducted for a period of one year after a common hydrostatic test. See Note 1.NOTE 1The Kaiser effect relates to the irreversib
27、ility of acoustic emission which results in decreased emission during a second pressurization.Common hydrostatic tests use a relatively high test pressure (200 % of normal service pressure). (See Section 49, Code of Federal Regulations.) If anAE test is performed too soon after such a hydrostatic pr
28、essurization, the AE results will be insensitive below the previous maximum test pressure.5.3 Acoustic Emission is produced when an increasing stress level in a material causes crack growth in the material or stressrelated effects in a corroded surface (for example, crack growth in or between metal
29、crystallites or spalling and cracking of oxidesand other corrosion products).5.4 While background noise may distort AE data or render it useless, heating the vessels inside an industrial oven is an almostnoise free method of pressurization. Further, source location algorithms using over-determined d
30、ata sets will often allow valid testsin the presence of otherwise interfering noise sources. Background noise should be reduced or controlled but the sudden occurrenceof such noise does not necessarily invalidate a test.6. Basis of Application6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreem
31、ent between the parties using or referencing this standard.6.2 Personnel Qualification:4 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.5 Available from Compressed Gas Association (CGA
32、), 4221 Walney Rd., 5th Floor, Chantilly, VA 20151-2923, http:/.6 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E2863 1726.2.1 If specified in the contractual
33、agreement, personnel performing examinations to this standard shall be qualified inaccordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, ISO 9712, or a similar documented and certified by the employer
34、 or certifying agency, asapplicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agreement between theusing parties.6.2.2 The NDT personnel shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practiceor standa
35、rd such as ANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, or a similar document. The practice or standard used and its applicablerevision shall be specified in the contractual agreement between the using parties.6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing AgenciesIf specified in the contractual agreement, NDTagencies
36、 shall be qualifiedand evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contractualagreement.6.4 Procedures and TechniquesThe procedures and techniques to be utilized shall be as specified in the contractual agreement.6.5 Surface Pr
37、eparationThe pre-examination surface reparationpreparation criteria shall be in accordance with 10.2.1, unlessotherwise specified.6.6 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaReporting criteria for the examination results shall be in accordance withAppendix X1 unless otherwise specified.7. Apparatus7.1
38、 Essential features of the apparatus required for this practice are provided in Fig. 1. Full specifications are in Annex A1.7.2 A couplant can be used between the sensors and vessel wall. The small diameter of the sensor and significant contactpressure reduces the requirement for a couplant, but it
39、is often useful when positioning a vessel in the test frame to avoid interferingfeatures on its surface or when the first AST coupling test has failed.7.3 AE Sensors are held in place by means of spring-loaded rods mounted to the test frame.7.4 The AE sensors are continuously monitored throughout th
40、e pressurization.7.5 A preamplifier for each sensor is located outside the oven. The sensor cable length must not exceed 6 ft (2 m).FIG. 1 AE System Block DiagramE2863 1737.6 The signal processor is a computerized instrument with independent channels that filter, measure, and convert analoginformati
41、on into digital form for analysis, display and permanent storage. A signal processor must have sufficient speed andcapacity to independently process data from all sensors simultaneously. The signal processor must be programed to locate thesources on the surfaces of the vessel and to detect clusterin
42、g of the sources. The instrument must be capable of reading the vesseltemperature and controlling the industrial oven. It must also conduct and interpret AST tests both before and after the thermalpressurization.7.6.1 Hard copy capability should be available from a printer or equivalent device.8. Sa
43、fety Precautions8.1 This examination involves pressurization of sealed vessels by heating. When a significant defect is detected, there is nomethod of decreasing the internal pressure except cooling of the vessel. It is imperative that the heating cease as soon as asignificant defect is identified.
44、This requires that theAE system have complete control over the examination, including the pre andpost-examination system performance verification; the oven heaters; detecting, identifying and classifying defects and thedetermination of when the defect behavior requires the test to be stopped, decrea
45、sing the possibility of an explosion. The operatorhas no control over the carrying out of the test, including analysis and grading of defects or when to stop the test for safety reasons.8.2 Maximum temperature of the ovens heating element surface must remain below 800F (427C). This will prevent ther
46、maldecomposition of the HALON 1301 into toxic byproducts in the event of an accidental release.8.3 HALON 1301, itself, has low toxicity but a rapid release of pressure could rupture the oven and/or present an asphyxiationhazard in a small enclosed region.9. Calibration and Verification9.1 Annual cal
47、ibration and verification of AE sensors, preamplifiers, signal processor (particularly the signal processor timereference), and AE electronic waveform generator, should be performed. Equipment should be adjusted so that it conforms toequipment manufacturers specifications. Instruments used for calib
48、rations must have current accuracy certification that is traceableto the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST).9.2 Routine electronic evaluations must be performed within 30 days prior to a test or any time there is concern about signalprocessor performance. An AE electronic wavefor
49、m generator should be used in making evaluations. Each signal processorchannel must respond with peak amplitude reading within 62 dB of the electronic waveform generator output.9.3 Routine sensor performance verification must be performed within 30 days prior to the test date and any time there isconcern for sensor performance. A procedure for sensor performance verification is found in Practice E2075.9.4 A system performance check must be conducted as part of the AE test immediately before and after thermal pressurization.Aperformance check uses
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