1、Designation: E2875/E2875M 12Standard Guide forPersonal Protective Equipment for the Handling of FlatGlass1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2875/E2875M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the minimum requirements for properpersonal protective equipment (PPE) for the safe handling offlat
3、 glass.1.2 PurposeWhen engineering, administrative, and workpractice controls are not feasible, the remaining hazard must becontrolled with personal protective equipment (PPE). Thisguide will provide direction on what PPE should be utilized.Following this guidance will help to minimize the possibili
4、ty orseverity of injuries or both to personnel while working with orin the vicinity of flat glass.1.3 Nothing in this guide shall be interpreted as requiringany action that violates any statute or requirement of anyfederal, state, or other regulatory agency.1.4 This guide may be used by employers an
5、d employees.The required PPE shall be evaluated on a regular basis todetermine suitability.1.5 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used in
6、dependently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-formance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safe
7、ty and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass ProductsE1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health andSafetyF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF1790 Tes
8、t Method for Measuring Cut Resistance of Mate-rials Used in Protective Clothing2.2 Other Standards:ANSI/ISEA 105 American National Standard for Hand Pro-tection Selection Criteria3EN 388 Protective Gloves Giving Protection from Mechani-cal Risks43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor additional definition
9、s and terms relat-ing to this guide, please refer to Terminologies C162, E1542,and F1494.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 flat glass, ngeneral term covering glass in its an-nealed state, such as sheet glass, lite of glass, float glass,various forms of rolled glass, and raw pr
10、oducts derived fromglass.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThis definition is not intended to applyto heat-tempered or laminated glass products. With heat-tempered or laminated glass products, defer to your local riskassessment.3.2.2 lite, nanother term for a pane or piece of glass.Sometimes spelled “light” in the
11、industry literature, but spelled“lite” in this text to avoid confusion with light as in “visiblelight.”4. Significance and Use4.1 The goal of this guide is to aid in the selection of PPEfor the handling of glass that will best protect the affectedemployee from the remaining hazards identified in the
12、 localhazard assessment process.4.2 This guide assumes that a proper hazard assessment hasbeen conducted, the hazards have been mitigated to the greatestextent possible by non-PPE means (engineering, administrative1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on OccupationalHealth and
13、Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.35 on SafeHandling of Flat Glass.Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published April 2012. DOI:10.1520/E2875_E2875M12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.o
14、rg. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the International Safety EquipmentAssociation, 1901 N. MooreSt., Arlington, VA 22209-1762.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd
15、St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.or work practice controls), and a hazard still exists that canonly feasibly be controlled by the use of PPE.5. Level of Cut Protect
16、ion5.1 Cut-resistant clothing (gloves and body protection) isevaluated primarily by two standards: Test Method F1790 andEN 388.NOTE 1The two standards are not interchangeable and need to bedistinguished as to their unique testing outcomes.NOTE 2Cut ratings are a starting point for selecting the prop
17、er PPE.In general terms, a higher cut level means better cut protection, but that isnot always the case. There will be some tasks where a “thicker” materialwith a lower level of cut protection may actually protect better than a“thinner” material with a higher level of cut protection. Introducing ach
18、ange (process, job, equipment, etc.) or new PPE for a task shouldinclude the proper assessment and trials to ensure the garment does indeedget the desired result.5.2 In Test Method F1790, cut-resistant material is evalu-ated. The process of evaluation or cut protection performancetest (CPPT) involve
19、s the amount of pressure or gram weightapplied to a razor blade while moving the blade over the fabricwithout cutting through for at least 20 mm 0.8 in. The higherthe load in gram weight applied to the blade without cutthrough for the prescribed distance of travel the better the cutresistance of the
20、 fabric. This result is termed the cut or ratingforce of the fabric. Test Method F1790 cut or rating force levelsare listed in Table 1.5.3 In EN 388 or the Couptest, cut-resistant material isevaluated. The process of the evaluation involves a constantweight on a circular blade that is moved back and
21、 forth acrossa test specimen by the test machine. The machine (Couptest)also rotates the blade against the direction that it is beingmoved, which intensifies the slicing action. The test indicateshow many repetitive cuts on the same position are needed tocut through. The result of the test is termed
22、 the cut index,which informs of how much better the sample resists cut ascompared to a reference cotton fabric. A performance level forthe material is ranked from 0 to 5. The higher the number ofcycles needed to cut through the material the greater the cutresistance of the fabric. The EN 388 cut ind
23、ex levels are listedin Table 2.5.4 Primary fabrics that are available to meet the needs anddemands of cut resistance are:5.4.1 Aramid FibersAramid fibers are a class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers. They are used in aerospaceand military applications, for ballistic-rated body armor fab
24、ric,and as an asbestos substitute. The name is a shortened form ofaromatic polyamide. They are fibers in which the chainmolecules are highly oriented along the fiber axis so thestrength of the chemical bond can be exploited.5.4.2 High-Density Polyethylene FibersUltra-high mo-lecular weight polyethyl
25、ene (UHMWPE), also known as high-modulus polyethylene (HMPE) or high-performance polyeth-ylene (HPPE), is a subset of the thermoplastic polyethylene. Ithas extremely long chains, with molecular weight numberingin the millions, usually between 2 and 6 million. The longerchain serves to transfer load
26、more effectively to the polymerbackbone by strengthening intermolecular interactions. Theresult is a very tough material, with the highest impact strengthof any thermoplastic presently made. It is highly resistant tocorrosive chemicals with the exception of oxidizing acids. Ithas extremely low moist
27、ure absorption and is highly resistantto abrasion (15 times more resistant to abrasion than carbonsteel).5.4.3 Composite or Engineered YarnsComposite or engi-neered yarns consist of two or more components. These yarnsare constructed to offer a higher level of cut resistance (ASTMLevel 3 and above).
28、The addition of a steel or fiberglass corewith a fiber wrapped around it allows for a greater rating forcethan a singular component standing alone. Features of suchcombinations are strength, hardness, lubricity or slickness, androlling action (knit construction theoretically creating a ball-bearing
29、effect as the blade meets the knitted fabric). Thesefeatures increase the rating force to Levels 3 and above on theASTM scale.NOTE 3Test Method F1790 CPPT tests for cut resistance only.NOTE 4The EN 388 test results in Table 2 describe more than cutresistance. The test also describes puncture, tear a
30、nd abrasion of the fabric,or physical and mechanical aggressions.5.5 Working conditions will differ when examining theavailable cut-resistant fabrics currently on the market. Essen-tially, the differences are as follows:5.5.1 Para-Aramids:5.5.1.1 Natural and indoor light will reduce the “out of theb
31、ox” cut level;5.5.1.2 Laundering with bleach will nullify the cut level ofpara-aramids;5.5.1.3 Para-aramids will abrade more rapidly than HPPE;and5.5.1.4 Para-aramids are best for uses in which thermalissues exist.5.5.2 HPPE:5.5.2.1 Natural and indoor light have no impact on thereduction of cut leve
32、l;5.5.2.2 Can be laundered with bleach or solvents withoutimpact to cut level;5.5.2.3 Cannot be exposed to heats above 62.7C 145F;and5.5.2.4 High resistance to abrasion.TABLE 1 ANSI/ISEA 105 Cut Performance LevelsPerformance Weight in GramsA0 0-1991 200-4992 500-9993 1000-14994 1500-34995 3500-A1 g
33、= 0.035 oz.TABLE 2 EN 388 Cut Performance LevelsPerformance Average Cut Index1 1.2-2.42 2.5-4.93 5.0-9.94 10.0-19.95 20-E2875/E2875M 1226. Recommended Protection Based on Frequency andSeverity (as Determined by the Risk AssessmentProcess)6.1 The selection of PPE for employees performing tasksrelated
34、 to glass handling without first conducting a riskassessment is difficult and should not be standard practice. Forexample, it is wrong to make a general assumption that simplyputting a mid-level cut rated leg protector is the correctsolution to a potential sharp object hazard related to the lowerbod
35、y. There is no guideline that will guarantee success simplyby following a few recommendations, and this one is noexception. The risk frequency and severity must first beconsidered and only then can an educated decision on theproper level/type of cut protection be made. Some of the othervariables tha
36、t assessments should consider are: potential forceof impact, weight of the glass, puncture versus swipe cut andthe injury potential associated with various jobs and tasksinvolving the handling of glass or the workers proximity toglass (machinery and storage) or both in the work environment.When cond
37、ucting a risk assessment for a glass-handling task,all parts of the body potentially exposed to sharp edges of theglass should be considered. Both routine exposures and rea-sonably foreseeable exposures (glass breakage, freefallingglass from breakage in stored glass packs, and so forth) shouldbe con
38、sidered.6.2 Critical AreasThere are certain “critical” areas of thehuman body that, when exposed to the sharp edge of a lite ofglass, significantly increase the chance of a serious or fatalinjury. Those body parts are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 andshould be a focal point of any risk assessment. Th
39、e goal/resultof the assessment and associated PPE controls should be tominimize the chance that these “critical” body parts are directlyexposed to the sharp edges of the glass during normal handlingor any expected failures during handling such as fracturinglites, improper handling, falling glass, an
40、d so forth. Protectionfor these “critical” areas should also be considered for tasksrequiring employees to work directly adjacent to lites of glasswhere their exposed edges pose the likelihood that contact isprobable.6.2.1 NeckThe neck area is often under stressed duringthe risk assessment process.
41、During “normal” handling ofglass, the neck may not be directly exposed to the sharp edgesof a lite; as a result, it is often not considered for neededprotection. However, because of the high potential severityassociated with a laceration to the carotid artery, it should be afocal point of the assess
42、ment. Factors such as the unexpectedfracture of a lite, a stumble while carrying a lite, or a falling liteof glass should all be considered. Because of the high potentialseverity, if it is determined through the assessment that neckFIG. 1 Critical Areas of the Human Body (Upper)E2875/E2875M 123prote
43、ction should be a control, a strong evaluation to determinethe proper PPE and level of necessary cut protection should beconducted.6.2.2 WristThe wrist area is one of the most vulnerablebody parts during manual glass-handling activity. It is usuallyvery near the glass during the handling process and
44、 a smalllaceration can sever the ulnar artery running through the wrist.This area should be considered for high-level cut protectionduring all manual glass-handling activities.6.2.3 Inner LegThe inner leg is another “critical” bodypart deserving focused attention during the risk assessmentprocess. W
45、hile not as directly exposed as the wrist and neck,the inner leg (femoral artery), being part of the lower body,could be impacted not only during the normal handling processbut also by falling or fractured glass as it passes on the way tothe ground. For this reason, it should be considered for at le
46、astmid-level cut protection for most manual glass-handling tasks.6.2.4 UnderarmThis area of the body (location of theaxillary artery) is another that should be of focus during therisk assessment process. An underarm exposure during thehandling activities should require at least mid-level protection.
47、6.3 Noncritical AreasOther areas of the body are lesscritical but still shall be protected to prevent injuries. There aremany types and styles of “standard” glassworkers PPE that areused widely within the glass industry to provide basic protec-tion from laceration and puncture injuries. Except for h
48、ard hats,safety glasses, face shields, and safety shoes, equipmentchosen for glass handling should be manufacturer tested for itsanti-lacerative and anti-puncture performance.6.4 Hands Deserve Extra AttentionBy far the most fre-quently cut area of the body during glass handling is the hands.Whether
49、carrying, pushing, pulling, inspecting, cleaning or anyother task requiring the employee to be close to the glass, thehands are either directly on or very close to the glass. Even themost careful glass handlers will have their protective glovesprevent a laceration numerous times per week. There areseveral key things to remember when investigating protectiveequipment for the hands. It is very important to determineexactly what the hazard is before selecting a gloveabrasionrisk, puncture risk, swipe cut risk, chemical risk, contusionrisk, etc. A higher c
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