1、Designation: E2882 12Standard Guide forAnalysis of Clandestine Drug Laboratory Evidence1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2882; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with thegeneral requirements for the analysis of seized drugs (PracticesE2326, E2327, E2329,
3、and E2549; Guides E2548 and E2329).This guide provides guidance on the chemical analysis of itemsand samples related to suspected clandestine drug laboratories.It does not address scene attendance or scene processing. Thisdocument provides general guidance for the analysis of clan-destine laboratory
4、 evidence and is not a substitute for detailedand validated laboratory policies and technical procedures.1.2 This guide does not replace knowledge, skill, ability,experience, education, or training and should be used inconjunction with professional judgment.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
5、2D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane ProcessesE1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE2326 Practice for Education and Training of Seized-DrugAnalystsE2327 Practice for Quality Assurance of Laboratories Per-forming Seized-Dru
6、g AnalysisE2329 Practice for Identification of Seized DrugsE2363 Terminology Relating to Process Analytical Technol-ogy in the Pharmaceutical IndustryE2548 Guide for Sampling Seized Drugs for Qualitative andQuantitative AnalysisE2549 Practice for Validation of Seized-Drug AnalyticalMethodsF2725 Guid
7、e for European Unions Registration, Evaluation,and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) Supply ChainInformation Exchange3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 capacitythe amount of finished product that couldbe produced, either in one batch or over a defined period ofti
8、me, and given a set list of variables. SWGDRUG33.1.2 catalysta substance whose presence initiates orchanges the rate of a chemical reaction, but does not itself enterinto the reaction. D61613.1.3 finished producta manufactured product ready foruse. SWGDRUG33.1.4 intermediateubstance that is manufact
9、ured for andconsumed in or used for chemical processing to be transformedinto another substance. F27253.1.5 reagenta chemical used to react with anotherchemical, often to confirm or deny the presence of the secondchemical. E16053.1.6 yield, expectedthe quantity of material or the per-centage of theo
10、retical yield anticipated at any appropriatephase of production based on previous laboratory, pilot scale,or manufacturing data. E23633.1.7 yield, theoreticalthe quantity that would be pro-duced at any appropriate phase of production based upon thequantity of material to be used, in the absence of a
11、ny loss orerror in actual production. E23634. Significance and Use4.1 An understanding of clandestine laboratory syntheticroutes and the techniques used in the analysis of relatedsamples is considered to be fundamental to the interpretationand reporting of results. This understanding assures that re
12、sultsand conclusions from methods are reliable and analyticalschemes are fit for purpose.4.2 The qualitative and quantitative analyses of clandestinelaboratory evidence can require different approaches relative toroutine seized drug analyses. Analysts shall understand thelimitations of the procedure
13、s used in their qualitative andquantitative analyses. These include such factors as methodselectivity, uncertainty, and the basis for inferences from asample(s) to a population.4.3 Laboratory management shall ensure that clandestinelaboratory synthesis and analysis training be provided through1This
14、guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2012. Published September 2012. DOI:10.1520/E2882-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.o
15、rg, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs,http:/www.swgdrug.org.Copyright ASTM Internationa
16、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1relevant procedures, literature, and practical experience. Prac-tical experience typically includes production, sampling andanalysis of clandestine laboratory training samples.4.4 Laboratory management shall ensur
17、e that chemicalsafety and hygiene plans address and mitigate hazards associ-ated with clandestine laboratory evidence.4.5 Laboratory management shall consider customer/localrequirements which influence the application of these recom-mendations.5. Safety5.1 This guide does not purport to address all
18、of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.5.2 Many items seized at clandestine laboratories may beintrinsically da
19、ngerous. These may include items of unknowncomposition and chemicals that have not been fully character-ized and whose specific hazards are not known. Therefore,caution must be exercised and routine safety protocols may notbe sufficient.5.3 The following are required in addition to the routinelabora
20、tory safety program in place for the analysis of seizeddrugs (see Practice E2327, Health and Safety):5.3.1 Safety procedures and the use of safety and protectiveequipment for all staff responsible for handling items;5.3.2 Protective breathing equipment;5.3.3 Listings of the relevant hazards (for exa
21、mple, MSDS)associated with components commonly found at clandestinelaboratory sites and knowing what they mean; and5.3.4 Accident prevention, emergency response procedures,and incident reporting protocols.5.4 The handling, analysis, and storage of items seized fromclandestine laboratories require ad
22、ditional procedures, facili-ties and equipment (see Practice E2327, Physical Plant).Examples are:5.4.1 Specialized ventilation equipment (for example, fumehoods) to prevent exposure to harmful fumes and vapors;5.4.2 Provision of personal protective equipment such assafety glasses, chemical resistant
23、 gloves, laboratory coats,respirators, face masks, and air monitors;5.4.3 Maintenance of a clean, uncluttered workspace;5.4.4 Specialized emergency equipment stations;5.4.5 Chemical disposal and destruction facilities and pro-cedures; and5.4.6 Specialized evidence receipt, storage and disposalrequir
24、ements designed to mitigate expected dangers (forexample, limited sample size, proper packaging of reactivematerials, use of absorbents, properly ventilated storage).5.5 Analysts shall be aware of the hazards associated withclandestine laboratories samples. Examples are:5.5.1 Extracting from strong
25、acids and bases (for example,hydriodic acid, sodium hydroxide);5.5.2 Handling fuming acids and bases (for example, hy-drochloric acid, ammonia);5.5.3 Poisonous gases (for example, phosphine, chlorine,hydrogen sulfide) and their potential release from evidenceduring analysis;5.5.4 Poisonous, carcinog
26、enic, and mutagenic materials (forexample, mercuric chloride, chloroform, potassium cyanide);5.5.5 Reactive and air sensitive materials (for example,white phosphorus, lithium);5.5.6 Potential testing incompatibilities (for example, phos-phorus with Raman, color test reagents with cyanide salts,exoth
27、ermic reactions);5.5.7 Radioactive materials (for example, thorium); and5.5.8 Volatile and flammable solvents (for example,acetone, diethyl ether, methylated spirits).6. Sample Section for Analysis6.1 The primary purpose of analysis is to prove or disproveallegations of clandestine drug syntheses. A
28、ccordingly, ana-lysts must select items which relate to the manufacturingprocess.6.2 Not all items seized at a clandestine laboratory site mayneed to be analyzed. It is recommended that information beshared between the analyst and on-scene personnel to aid insample selection.6.3 Items should be sele
29、cted for analysis, based on jurisdic-tional requirements, and which are likely to contain:6.3.1 Finished product,6.3.2 Intermediates,6.3.3 Precursors,6.3.4 Key reagents, and6.3.5 Reaction mixtures.6.4 Some of the following types of items may be analyzedas they can assist in determining the chemical
30、reaction(s)undertaken and the scope of the clandestine laboratory:6.4.1 Materials that appear to be waste;6.4.2 Unlabeled materials that appear to be contaminatedsolvents, acids, or bases; and6.4.3 Samples from contaminated equipment.6.5 Items that are readily obtained from local retail storesand ar
31、e sold from reputable manufacturers/distributors may notneed to be analyzed, particularly if collected from sealed andlabeled containers. These include:6.5.1 Solvents (for example, toluene, mineral spirits),6.5.2 Acids (for example, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid),and6.5.3 Bases (for example, sodi
32、um hydroxide, ammoniawater).7. Analysis7.1 Substances whose presence are reported or contribute toformulating reported conclusions shall be identified with anadequate analytical scheme.7.2 Where possible, the identification of organic compoundsshall follow the guidelines for the analysis of seized d
33、rugs (seePractice E2329).7.3 The discriminating power of analytical techniques forthe identification of inorganic materials depends on the par-ticular analyte. In each case the analytical scheme shall:E2882 1227.3.1 Have sufficient discriminating power to identify thematerial to the exclusion of oth
34、ers (for example, identificationof both the cation and anion in salts), and7.3.2 Utilize two or more techniques, preferably from dif-ferent analytical groups described below.7.4 The following list of analytical groups and techniquesare in no particular order and are not exhaustive. Analyticaltechniq
35、ues must be selected which provide sufficient discrimi-nating power for each analyte. Some techniques may not beuseful for particular analytes and each must be evaluated todetermine suitability.7.4.1 Analytical Group 1: Elemental Analysis TechniquesThese techniques may provide positive results for e
36、lementspresent in a sample but typically require additional tests todistinguish forms (for example, oxidation state).7.4.1.1 Atomic absorption spectroscopy,7.4.1.2 Atomic emission spectroscopy and flame tests (anattached spectrometer significantly increases the discriminat-ing power relative to flam
37、e tests),7.4.1.3 Energy dispersive X-ray detectors for scanning elec-tron microscopes,7.4.1.4 Mass spectrometry (utilizing inductively coupledplasma sources or for elements with unique isotopic abundancepatterns), and7.4.1.5 X-ray fluorescence.7.4.2 Analytical Group 2: Structural ElucidationTechniqu
38、esThese techniques may have high discriminatingpower for polyatomic analytes.7.4.2.1 Infrared spectroscopy,7.4.2.2 Mass spectrometry,7.4.2.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance,7.4.2.4 Raman spectroscopy,7.4.2.5 UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and7.4.2.6 X-ray diffractometry.7.4.3 Analytical Group 3: S
39、eparation TechniquesThesetechniques can be valuable for mixtures and for distinguishingdifferent forms of an element (for example, phosphate andphosphite).7.4.3.1 Capillary electrophoresis,7.4.3.2 Gas chromatography,7.4.3.3 Ion Chromatography7.4.3.4 Liquid chromatography, and7.4.3.5 Thin layer chrom
40、atography.7.4.4 Analytical Group 4: Chemical PropertiesThesetechniques involve observations of chemical changes. Utilizingseveral of these techniques, in series or combination, can oftenincrease discriminating power.7.4.4.1 Flammability;7.4.4.2 Microcrystalline tests;7.4.4.3 pH (of liquids or vapors
41、);7.4.4.4 Radioactive decay;7.4.4.5 Reactivity with water, air, or other materials;7.4.4.6 Solubility and miscibility tests; and7.4.4.7 Spot and precipitation tests.7.4.5 Analytical Group 5: Physical PropertiesThese tech-niques involve observations of physical properties. The dis-criminating power o
42、f these techniques depends on the measur-ing device.7.4.5.1 Color;7.4.5.2 Crystal forms measured with polarized light micros-copy;7.4.5.3 Density (relative density and density of mixtureshave reduced discriminating power);7.4.5.4 Phase transitions including melting points, boilingpoints, sublimation
43、 temperature, and vapor pressure;7.4.5.5 Physical state or states;7.4.5.6 Refractive index; and7.4.5.7 Viscosity and surface tension.7.5 If limited or qualified conclusions are sufficient (forexample, basic aqueous layer, non-polar organic solvent, amaterial containing the element phosphorus), tests
44、 of limiteddiscriminating power may be utilized within an analyticalscheme.7.6 Analytical reference materials may not be available forthe analysis of intermediates and byproducts. In these cases,samples taken from a test reaction in conjunction with suitablereference literature may be used for compa
45、rison purposes.7.7 Quantitative measurements of clandestine laboratorysamples have an accuracy which is dependent on sampling and,if a liquid, on volume calculations. Accordingly, these mea-surements and calculations may be based on estimates. Underthese conditions, a rigorous calculation of measure
46、ment uncer-tainty is often not possible or necessary and the uncertaintymay best be conveyed by using a qualifier statement on thereport (for example, approximately, not to exceed, no lessthan).8. Yield and Capacity Calculations8.1 Yield and capacity calculations can be achieved from anumber of appr
47、oaches and shall be based on relevant caseinformation, suitable literature, laboratory and jurisdictionalrequirements.8.2 Reported yields and capacities shall be based uponinformation documented in the laboratory case file.8.3 Calculated yields can be expressed as theoretical orexpected.8.3.1 It is
48、recommended that reported yields be accompa-nied with an explanation clarifying the limitations or consid-erations.8.3.1.1 Theoretical yields are calculated based on theamount of known chemical, the stoichiometry of the reactionused in the clandestine laboratory and the product. Theoreticalyields ar
49、e not achievable in practice and their reporting can bemisinterpreted.8.3.1.2 Expected yields are calculated based upon publisheddata, experience, or practical experimentation. Expected yieldscan be highly variable based upon the factors listed below.8.4 In calculating expected yields and capacities in clandes-tine laboratories, many different sources of information can beused. Each case is different and will have a different set ofevidence from which to draw information, including, but notlimited to:8.4.1 Amounts of finished products, precursors, or essentialchemicals p
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