1、Designation: E2883 13Standard Guide forStandard Guide for the Evaluation, and Calibration,Continuous Friction Measurement Equipment (CFME)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2883; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes the evaluation and calibration offriction measurement systems which ar
3、e known as ContinuousFriction Measuring Equipment (CFMEs). The evaluation, andcalibration processes; using the specialized equipment,instruments, pavement surfaces, trained personnel, and ap-proved facilities; are performed using the procedures describedbelow.1.2 This guide is offered as a process t
4、o identify andquantify the variables that affect system performance, tominimize the effect of these variables, and to provide a meansto relate CFMEs to reference skid measurement systems.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are math
5、ematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and he
6、alth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specifichazards statements are given in Section 7 on Hazards.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsE55
7、6 Test Method for Calibrating a Wheel Force or TorqueTransducer Using a Calibration Platform (User Level)E670 Test Method for Testing Side Force Friction on PavedSurfaces Using the Mu-MeterE867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement SystemsE1859 Test Method for Friction Coefficient MeasurementsBet
8、ween Tire and Pavement Using a Variable Slip Tech-niqueE1960 Practice for Calculating International Friction Indexof a Pavement SurfaceE2340 Test Method for Measuring the Skid Resistance ofPavements and Other Trafficked Surfaces Using a Con-tinuous Reading, Fixed-Slip TechniqueE2666 Practice for Cor
9、relations of Mu Values of ContinuousFriction Measurement Equipment to Determine Mainte-nance Levels for Use at AirportsF377 Practice for Calibration of Braking/Tractive MeasuringDevices for Testing TiresF457 Test Method for Speed and Distance Calibration ofFifth Wheel Equipped With Either Analog or
10、DigitalInstrumentation2.2 Other Standards:BS 7941-1:2006 Method for measuring the skid resistanceof pavement surfaces, Sideway-force Coefficient RoutineInvestigation Machine, SCRIM (British Standard)33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Calibration Platform, na frictionless moving plat-form for apply
11、ing a tractive force in the contact plane of a tireand associated means for measuring the applied horizontal andvertical force, also referred to as a “force plate.” E6703.1.2 Field Test Center (FTC), na facility with the neededtest equipment, Reference Friction Measurement System(RFMS), test pavemen
12、ts and expertise to evaluate, calibrateand correlate CFME friction measurement systems. E6703.1.3 Horizontal Force, na force in line with the directionof travel for fixed slip devices, perpendicular to direction oftravel for side force devices. E6703.2 Other terminology used in this guide conforms t
13、o thedefinitions in Terminology E8671This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee on Vehicle - PavementSystems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.21 on Field Methodsfor Measuring Tire Pavement Friction.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published Febrary 2013. DOI: 10.
14、1520/E2883132For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromCopyright ASTM International, 100
15、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Summary of Guide4.1 There are three phases to this guide. Phase one recordsand reports the static and dynamic condition and accuracy ofthe visiting system in an “As Arrived” condition with nochanges being made. During
16、 phase two, each subsystem isevaluated and if necessary, adjusted to ensure compliance withtolerances outlined in Test Method E670, E1859, E2340 orother appropriate standards. Phase three is the final dynamiccorrelation between the visiting system and the RFMS.4.2 The FTC personnel will calibrate th
17、e calibration plat-form or force plate used by the visiting equipment owner ifprovided.4.3 A detailed report may be generated and presented to theequipment owner describing all static and dynamic test results.5. Significance and Use5.1 Friction characteristics of pavement surfaces are moni-tored by
18、friction measurement systems, and the operatingprocedure for the use of these systems is found in Test MethodE670, E1859, E2340 or other appropriate standards. However,mechanical or electronic system anomalies, over time, couldresult in measurement errors or inaccuracies. This requires thateach of t
19、hese systems be evaluated, calibrated and correlatedon a regular basis.5.2 This guide defines the process of ensuring that CFMEsproduce consistent and accurate data and correlating theCFMEs to national benchmark RFMS.6. Apparatus6.1 Reference Friction Measurement System (RFMS),afixed slip type measu
20、rement system that meets the require-ments of ASTM/FAA/FHWA, preferably the same type as theCFME(s) being calibrated: or a texture and low slip device.6.2 Five Test Pavements (pads), with an asphalt, concrete orseal coat surface having a uniform high, medium, and lowfriction that spans the typical o
21、perating range and used tocorrelate multiple CFME systems. Pads with similar macrotexture should be avoided.Arecommended range of Mu for thelow friction pad should be: one below 0.30, three mediumfriction pads between 0.30 and .0.50, and the high friction padabove 0.50.The length and width shall be
22、suitable for the entireCFME system at the highest designated test speed.Asuggestedlength and width is 300 ft (100 m) by 9 ft (3 m). The testsurfaces shall be homogeneous, level, and free of contaminantsand traffic. A nonpolishing surface is recommended. Thereshall be adequate space for the CFMEs to
23、accelerate to the testspeed and safely decelerate.6.2.1 Facilities located with system manufacturers may nothave test pads available, but should have identified pavementshaving Mu values similar to that noted in 6.2.6.3 One or Two Load Cells as needed, calibrated annuallyand National Institute of Sc
24、ience and Technology (NIST)traceable, 1000 lb (4448 N) and 2000 lb (8900 N).Accuracy isrequired in accordance with Practice F3776.4 One or two Calibration Platforms as needed, withdigital instrumentation as described in Test Method E556 andcalibrated in accordance with Practice F377. The top surface
25、sof the platforms are to be installed at the same height as thesurrounding floor. Alternatively the unit may be raised abovethe floor to match the height of the platform with its associatedequipment.6.5 One or two Calibration Platforms as needed, lifting thetest wheel. Alternatively the on board lif
26、ting devices may beused to lift the test wheel.6.6 Voltmeter, Oscilloscope, Strain Indicator, and other testinstruments capable of accurate measurement of voltages, andsignals common in strain gauge instrumentation.6.7 Water Volume Measurement System; to calibrate thewater pumping ability of the wat
27、er system, the following itemsare needed: a collector to capture all water pumped during afixed time interval, a device to measure the volume of waterpumped, and a stopwatch.6.8 Static Water Distribution Gauge (SDG), a collector, setat floor level, which is divided into ten sections, eight sectionso
28、f the device are 1/8 the width of the test tire and two sections,one on each side, that are one inch.; so that each section catcheswater from the water nozzle and feeds it into a separatereservoir and viewing allows the water nozzle distribution to beevaluated and photographed. SeeAppendixAfor speci
29、ficationsof a suggested unit.6.9 Speed Measurement System, to measure vehicle speed,60.1 mph (0.2 km/h). A fifth wheel calibrated to Test MethodF457, precision GPS or precision radar is recommended.6.10 Precision Pressure Gauge and air system are requiredfor the calibration of tire pressure gauges.
30、Gauges should havean accuracy of 60.25 % full scale or better.6.11 Inclinometer, with a measuring resolution of 1 minute.6.12 Force Plate Calibration Fixture, a system, capable ofdeveloping a precise longitudinal and vertical force sufficientfor the calibration of a calibration platform throughout i
31、tsoperating range as described in Practice F377.NOTE 1The following procedures (Sections 7, 8, 9 and 14) are for onetest wheel, centered to vehicle/trailer width or on the driver”s side.7. As Arrived Data7.1 Visiting systems, upon arrival, will be correlated4withthe RFMS on five surfaces at the syst
32、ems normal test speed andoptionally at one to two additional test speeds. Twelve repeatsshould be run at the normal test speed. The visiting system andthe RFMS should attempt to measure in the same lateral andlongitudinal location for each pair of tests. The twelve repeatswill be averaged and the me
33、an, standard deviation, andconfidence level will be reported, for each system, for each of4The correlation will depend on the end use. Manufacturers would use theirstandard device to correlate their devices; for airport maintenance, E2666 would befollowed; calibrated CFME can be used with similar CF
34、ME. If a standard CFMEand the CFME being calibrated have vastly different slip ratios, no correlation maybe possible The method used should be reported as well as any deviations where7.1 cannot be followed.E2883 132the five surfaces. Repeatability should be reported and repro-ducibility if more than
35、 three of the same devices are tested (seeC670). These values will be referred to as the “As ArrivedData.”.8. Physical Measurements8.1 Trailer Units8.1.1 Physical measurements of the visiting system will beconducted and recorded in the “As Arrived” condition, beforeany changes are made. These measur
36、ements consist of check-ing and recording: test tire(s) type, manufacture, pressure(s),tire(s) wear level, water nozzle height, horizontal angle, andlateral position relative to tire centerline, nozzle width, for eachnozzle used. If applicable, the distance from the center of thehitch ball to the fl
37、oor, distance from the end of the nozzle to thetrailer axle center, distance from the trailer axle center to thefloor and the distance from the center of the hitch to the centerof the trailer axle will be recorded. E670 has a reference toheight of systems, but E2340 does not. On others, the watertan
38、k should be half full and the movement of the trailer unitshall not be more that 2 inches around the datum line havingthe trailer in a horizontal plane.8.1.2 If applicable the angle of the trailer tongue anddirection (up or down) along with the trailer lean angle, as wellas number of tires, will be
39、recorded.8.1.3 Hitch height, above ground level, versus water load ismeasured and recorded at a full tank of water, a half tank andan empty tank.8.1.4 The angular rotation of the force transducer(s) shallexperience less than 1 degree with respect to its measuringplane. This may be measured on the ca
40、libration platform,during the “Static Force Evaluation and Calibration”, using aprecision inclinometer attached to the test wheel and operatingthe platform from 0 to the maximum horizontal force appli-cable to the particular CFME typically 80% of the verticalload.8.1.5 Any changes to these measureme
41、nts, to comply withthe appropriate CFME standard, are to be made and recordedas “Final.”8.2 Vehicle Mounted Units8.2.1 Physical measurements of the visiting system will beconducted and recorded in the “As Arrived” condition, beforeany changes are made. These measurements consist of: testtire(s) type
42、, manufacture, pressure(s), tire(s) wear, level waternozzle height, horizontal angle, lateral position relative to tirecenterline, and nozzle width (for each nozzle used).8.2.2 Test wheel axle height, above ground level, versuswater load is measured and recorded at a full tank of water, ahalf tank a
43、nd an empty tank, as well as number of tires isrecorded.8.2.3 The angular rotation of the force transducer(s) shallexperience less than 1 degree with respect to its measuringplane. This may be measured on the calibration platform,during the “Static Force Evaluation and Calibration”, using aprecision
44、 inclinometer attached to the test wheel and operatingthe horizontal platform force from 0 to the maximum horizon-tal force applicable to the particular CFME, typically 80% ofmaximum vertical load.8.2.4 Any changes to these measurements, to comply withthe appropriate CFME standard, are to be made an
45、d recordedas “Final.”9. Static Force Evaluation and Calibration9.1 Determine that the calibration platform has been suit-ably calibrated within one year in accordance with PracticeF377.9.2 Drain or fill the water tank to obtain one-half tank ofwater onboard the friction measurement system.9.3 Place
46、the unit onto the calibration platform ensuring it issquare and centered.9.4 Set as appropriate, vehicle tire, trailer tire, air shock andtest tire pressures to manufacturer specified pressures.9.5 On trailer units with the platform floating, weigh andrecord the “As Arrived” weight of each test whee
47、l. On vehiclemounted units weigh each test wheel with the test wheellowered to the platform in test position. Any changes to theseweights, after the “As Arrived” data runs, are recorded as“Final.”9.6 Reconnect truck and trailer and check trailer alignmenton trailer units.9.7 Apply external air and p
48、ower as required to the visitingsystem.9.8 Start the data system and go to the calibration screen, ifavailable.9.9 Record the “As Arrived” calibration values (for ex-ample: bias, zero, gain, shunt, or static) for the horizontal forceand vertical force channels.9.10 Make an “As Arrived” run, with the
49、 plate floating andthe test wheel fixed; vary the horizontal force from 0 to 80% ofnormal vertical load in eight steps recording horizontal andvertical force from platform and the horizontal and verticalforce from the CFME data system.9.11 Adjust the data system to read forces directly andaccurately from the wheel transducer with no computercorrection, that is, reset the computer to a gain of 1 and offsetof zero.9.12 Set zero and span on the friction system vertical andhorizontal force channels, if necessary, to match the calibrationplatform values at zero and full horizontal
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