1、Designation: E2889 12 (Reapproved 2017) An American National StandardStandard Practice forControl of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal FluidEnvironment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2889; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines to control respiratoryhazards in th
3、e metal removal environment.1.2 This practice does not include prevention of dermatitis,which is the subject of Practice E2693, but it does adopt asimilar systems management approach with many controlelements in common.1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure via inhala-tion of metal removal f
4、luids and associated airborne agents.1.4 Metal removal fluids used for wet machining operations(such as cutting, drilling, milling, or grinding) that removemetal to produce the finished part are a subset of metalworkingfluids. This practice does not apply to other operations (such asstamping, rollin
5、g, forging, or casting) that use metalworkingfluids other than metal removal fluids. These other types ofmetalworking fluid operations are not included in this docu-ment because of limited information on health effects, includ-ing epidemiology studies, and on control technologies.Nonetheless, some o
6、f the exposure control approaches andguidance contained in this document may be useful formanaging respiratory hazards associated with other types ofmetalworking fluids.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility o
7、f the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization establ
8、ished in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmosphere
9、sD2881 Classification for Metalworking Fluids and RelatedMaterialsD7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol inWorkplace AtmospheresE1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker andWorkplace ProtectionE149
10、7 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal FluidsE1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health andSafetyE1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in theWet Metal Removal Environment (Withdrawn 2017)3E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Anal
11、ysis of En-dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworkingor Metal Removal Fluid Health and SafetyE2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2275 Practice for Evaluating Wate
12、r-Miscible Metalwork-ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-formanceE2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Opera-tionsE2563 Practice for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Myco-bacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate CountMethodE2564 Practice for Enumeration of Mycobact
13、eria in Metal-working Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC)Method1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa-tional Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 onHealth and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition appr
14、oved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E2889 12. DOI:10.1520/E2889-12R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandard
15、s volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis internationa
16、l standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
17、1E2657 Practice for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra-tions in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the WetMetal Removal Fluid EnvironmentE2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphos-phate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids2.2 OSHA (U.S. Oc
18、cupational Safety and Health Adminis-tration) Standards:429 CFR 1910.132 Personal Protective Equipment29 CFR 1910.134 Use of Respiratory Protection in theWorkplace29 CFR 1010.1020 Access to Employee Exposure andMedical Records29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication2.3 EPA
19、(US Environmental Protection Agency) Standards:540 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides andDevices2.4 Other Documents:ANSI Technical Report B11 TR 2-1997, Mist Control Con-siderations for the Design, Installation and Use of Ma-chine Tools Using Metalworking Fluids6Metal Working Fluid Optimiz
20、ation Guide, National Centerfor Manufacturing Sciences7Metal Removal Fluids, A Guide To Their Management andControl, Organization Resources Counselors, Inc.8Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice9Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Expo-sure to Metalworking Fluids10Me
21、talworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best PracticesManual11Method 0500: Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated, Total123. Terminology3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this guide, refer toTerminologies D1356, E1542 and E2523.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dilution vent
22、ilation, nreferring to the supply andexhaust of air with respect to an area, room, or building, thedilution of contaminated air with uncontaminated air for thepurpose of controlling potential health hazards, fire and explo-sion conditions, odors, and nuisance-type contaminants, fromIndustrial Ventil
23、ation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.3.2.2 extractable mass, nthe material removed by liquidextraction of the sampling filter using a mixed-polarity solventmixture as described in Test Method D7049.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThis mass is an approximation of themetal removal fluid portion of the workplace
24、aerosol.3.2.3 metal removal fluid (MRF), nany fluid in the sub-class of metalworking fluids used to cut or otherwise take awaymaterial or piece of stock. E21483.2.3.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluids include straight orneat oils (Classification D2881), not intended for furtherdilution with water, and
25、water-miscible soluble oils,semisynthetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be dilutedwith water before use. Metal removal fluids become contami-nated during use in the workplace with a variety of workplacesubstances including, but not limited to, abrasive particles,tramp oils, cleaners, dirt,
26、 metal fines and shavings, dissolvedmetal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, microbiologicaldecay products, and waste. These contaminants can causechanges in the lubricity and cooling ability of the metalremoval fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affectthe health and welfare of emp
27、loyees in contact with thecontaminated metal removal fluid. E21483.2.4 metal removal fluid aerosol, naerosol generated byoperation of the machine tool itself as well as from circulationand filtration systems associated with wet metal removaloperations and may include airborne contaminants of microbi
28、alorigin.3.2.4.1 DiscussionMetal removal aerosol does not includebackground aerosol in the workplace atmosphere, which mayinclude suspended insoluble particulates.3.2.5 total particulate matter, nthe mass of materialsampled through the 4-mm inlet of a standard 37-mm filtercassette when operated at 2
29、.0 L/min, as described in TestMethod D7049.3.2.5.1 DiscussionAs defined in Test Method D7049, totalparticulate matter is not a measure of the inhalable or thoracicparticulate mass.3.3 Acronyms:3.3.1 GHS, nglobally harmonized system3.3.1.1 DiscussionGHS is an acronym for the GloballyHarmonized System
30、 of Classification and Labeling of Chemi-cals.4. Significance and Use4.1 Exposure to aerosols in the industrial metal removalenvironment has been associated with adverse respiratoryeffects.4.2 Use of this practice will mitigate occupational exposureand effects of exposure to aerosols in the metal re
31、movalenvironment.4Code of Federal Regulations available from United States Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.5Code of Federal Regulations available from United States Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.6Available from Association for Manufacturing Technology, 7901 Westpark
32、Drive, McLean VA 22102.7Available from National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, Report 0274RE95,3025 Boardwalk, Ann Arbor, MI 48018.8Available from Organization Resources Counselors, 1910 Sunderland Place,NW., Washington, DC 20036 or from members of the Metal Working Fluid ProductStewardship Grou
33、p (MWFPSGSM). Contact Independent Lubricant ManufacturersAssociation, 651 S. Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, for a list of membersof the MWFPSGSM.9Available from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.10Available from U.
34、S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public HealthService, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.11Available from US Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 2021
35、0 or at http:/www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.html12Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public HealthService, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226 or at. http:/
36、www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/0500.pdfE2889 12 (2017)24.3 Through implementation of this practice, users shouldbe able to reduce instances and severity of respiratory irritationand disease through the effective use of a metal removal fluidmanagement program, appropriate product selection, app
37、ropri-ate machine tool design, proper air handling mechanisms, andcontrol of microorganisms.5. Respiratory Health Hazards Associated with MetalRemoval Fluids5.1 General:5.1.1 Metal removal fluids (MRF) can cause adverse healtheffects through skin contact with contaminated materials,spray, or mist an
38、d through inhalation from breathing MWFmist or aerosol.5.1.2 Skin and airborne exposures to MRF have beenimplicated in health problems including irritation of the skin,lungs, eyes, nose and throat. Conditions such as dermatitis,acne, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, irritation of theupper respi
39、ratory tract, and a variety of cancers have beenassociated with exposure to MRF (NIOSH 1998a). The sever-ity of health problems is dependent on a variety of factors suchas the kind of fluid, the degree and type of contamination, andthe level and duration of the exposure.5.2 Skin Disorders:5.2.1 Skin
40、 contact occurs when the worker dips his/herhands into the fluid or handles parts, tools, and equipmentcovered with fluid without the use of personal protectiveequipment, such as gloves and aprons. Skin contact may alsoresult from fluid splashing onto the employee from the machineif guarding is abse
41、nt or inadequate. For further informationrefer to Practice E2693.5.3 Respiratory Diseases:5.3.1 Inhalation of MRF mist or aerosol may cause irritationof the lungs, throat, and nose. In general, respiratory irritationinvolves some type of chemical interaction between the MRFand the human respiratory
42、system. Irritation may affect one ormore the following areas: nose, throat (pharynx, larynx), thevarious conducting airways or tubes of the lungs (trachea,bronchi, bronchioles), and the lung air sacks (alveoli) wherethe air passes from the lungs into the body. Exposure to MRFmist or aerosol may also
43、 aggravate the effects of existing lungdisease.5.3.2 Some of the symptoms reported include sore throat,red, watery, itchy eyes, runny nose, nosebleeds, cough,wheezing, increased phlegm production, shortness of breath,and other cold-like symptoms. These symptoms may indicate avariety of respiratory c
44、onditions, including acute airwayirritation, asthma (reversible airway obstruction), chronicbronchitis, chronically impaired lung function, and hypersen-sitivity pneumonitis (HP). When symptoms of respiratoryirritation occur, in many cases it is unclear whether the diseasewas caused by specific flui
45、d components, contamination of thein-use fluid, products of microbial growth or degradation, or acombination of factors.5.3.3 Exposure to MRF has been associated with asthma. Inasthma, airways of the lung become inflamed, causing areduction of the flow of air into and out of the lungs. During anasth
46、matic attack, the airways become swollen, go into spasmsand fill with mucous, reducing airflow and producing shortnessof breath and a wheezing sound. A variety of components,additives, and contaminants of MRF can induce new onsetasthma, aggravate pre-existing asthma, and irritate the airwaysof non-a
47、sthmatic employees.5.3.4 Chronic bronchitis is a condition involving inflamma-tion of the main airways of the lungs that occurs over a longperiod of time. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a chroniccough and by coughing up phlegm. The phlegm can interferewith air passage into and out of the lun
48、gs. This condition mayalso cause accelerated decline in lung function, which canultimately result in heart and lung function damage.5.3.5 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a serious lungdisease. Recent outbreaks of HP have been associated withexposure to aerosols of synthetic, semi-synthetic, and
49、 solubleoil MRF. In particular, contaminants and additives in MRFhave been associated with outbreaks of HP (NIOSH 1998a). Inthe short term, HP is characterized by coughing, shortness ofbreath, and flu-like symptoms (fevers, chills, muscle aches, andfatigue). The chronic phase (following repeated exposures) ischaracterized by lung scarring associated with permanent lungdisease.5.3.6 Other factors, such as smoking, increase the possibil-ity of respiratory diseases. Cigarette smoke may worsen therespiratory effects of MRF aerosols for all employees.5.3.7 Respiratory effect
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