1、Designation: E2921 13Standard Practice forMinimum Criteria for Comparing Whole Building Life CycleAssessments for Use with Building Codes and RatingSystems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2921; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides criteria to be applied irrespectiveof the assessmen
3、t (LCA) tool that is used when LCA isundertaken at the whole building level to compare a final wholebuilding design to a reference building design.1.2 The purpose of this practice is to support the use ofwhole building Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in buildingcodes and building rating systems by ensur
4、ing that comparativeassessments of final whole building designs relative to refer-ence building designs take account of the relevant buildingfeatures, life cycle stages, and related activities in similarfashion for both the reference and final building designs of thesame building.1.3 The criteria do
5、 not deal with building occupantbehavior, possible future changes in building function, buildingrehabilitation or retrofit, or other matters that cannot beforeseen or reasonably estimated at the design or permittingstage, or both where this practice applies.1.4 Only environmental impacts and aspects
6、 of sustainabil-ity are addressed in this practice. The social and economicimpacts and aspects of sustainability are not addressed in thispractice.1.5 This practice does not deal with basic LCAmethodology, calculation methods or related matters that arecovered in cited international standards.1.6 Th
7、is practice does not supersede or modify existing ISOstandards for the application of LCA at the product level, nordoes it address the aggregation of building product Environ-mental Product Declarations (EPDs) at the whole buildinglevel.1.7 This practice does not specify the impact categories orsust
8、ainability aspects to be addressed in building codes orbuilding rating systems and users of this practice conform tothe impact category requirements specified in the applicablecode or rating system.1.8 The text of this standard contains notes that provideexplanatory material. These notes shall not b
9、e considered asrequirements of the standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulat
10、ory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Perfor-mance of Buildings2.2 Other Standards:3ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management Life CycleAssessment Principles and FrameworkIS
11、O 14044:2006 Environmental Management Life CycleAssessment Requirements and GuidelinesISO 14050 Terminology3. Terminology3.1 For terms related to building construction, refer toTerminology E631.3.2 For terms related to sustainability relative to the perfor-mance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2
12、114.3.3 For terms related to LCA (for example, product system,input, output) refer to ISO 14050 Terminology.3.4 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.4.1 building, na shelter comprising a partially or totallyenclosed space(s), erected by means of planned forces offorming and combining mat
13、erials. E6311This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 onSustainability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildingsand Construction.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. DOI:10.1520/E2921-132For referenced ASTM standards, visi
14、t the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP
15、 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.4.2 building, vthe act or process of construction. E6313.4.3 building productgoods used during the life cycle ofa building as par
16、t of its infrastructure.3.4.4 building service lifethe period of time after installa-tion during which a building (or its parts) meet or exceed theperformance requirement(s).3.4.5 characterization factorfactor derived from a char-acterization model that is applied to convert an assigned lifecycle in
17、ventory analysis result to the common unit of thecategory indicator.3.4.5.1 DiscussionThe common unit allows calculation ofthe category indicator result (ISO 14044).3.4.6 impact categorya class representing environmentalissue of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis resultsmay be assigned.3
18、.4.7 life cycle assessement (LCA)compilation and evalu-ation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmentalimpacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.3.4.8 life cycle inventory analysis (LCI)phase of life cycleassessment involving the compilation and quantification ofinputs and ou
19、tputs for a product throughout its life cycle.3.4.9 operating energyenergy loads that are related tobuilding space conditioning, lighting, service water heating orventilation for human comfort.3.4.10 plug loadsall energy use by devices, appliancesand equipment connected to convenience receptacle out
20、letsduring the building service life.3.4.11 process energyenergy loads that are not directlyrelated to building space conditioning, lighting, service waterheating or ventilation for human comfort, sometimes referredto as process loads.3.4.12 reference building designa building design createdto be us
21、ed as a benchmark, or baseline, against which a finaldesign is compared to demonstrate improvement in perfor-mance for impact categories.3.4.13 reference service lifeservice life of a buildingproduct that is known or expected under a particular set, that is,a reference set of in-use conditions and t
22、hat shall form the basisof estimating the service life under other in-use conditions.3.4.14 relocatable modular buildinga partially or com-pletely assembled building that complies with applicablecodes, or state regulations, at the time of construction and isconstructed in a manufacturing facility us
23、ing a modular con-struction process. Relocatable modular buildings are designedto be reused or repurposed multiple times and transported todifferent building sites.3.4.15 whole building life cycle assessment (whole buildingLCA)life cycle assessment of the complete buildingenclosure, structural syste
24、ms, interior walls, and interior fin-ishes and trim of a building, which may include operatingenergy, but excludes furniture and attached cabinetry.4. ISO Compliance4.1 The procedures used for building product LCA shall becompliant with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practic
25、e provides criteria that building designteams shall use to compare the environmental impacts associ-ated with a reference building design and a final buildingdesign, including additions to existing buildings where appli-cable.5.2 This practice deals specifically with material selectionfor initial co
26、nstruction, including associated maintenance andreplacement cycles over an assumed service life, taking oper-ating energy use into account if required or explicitly allowedunder the applicable code or rating system.6. Criteria6.1 Building and Product Service Lives:6.1.1 Unless otherwise specified by
27、 the applicable code orrating system, the building service life shall be no less than 75years.6.1.2 The same building service life shall be assumed for thereference building design and for the final design.6.1.3 Product replacement schedules shall reflect the refer-ence service lives for individual
28、products or materials and theconsequent number of replacements required over the assumedbuilding service life.6.1.4 When the reference service life of a product is lessthan the assumed building service life, the aggregate impactsassociated with the number of product replacements necessaryto equal th
29、e service life of the building shall be included. Whenthe reference service life of the product is greater than theassumed building service life, the impacts associated with theproduct shall not be discounted to reflect the remaining productservice life.NOTE 1If the expected life of a component is 2
30、0 years and theassumed building service life is 75 years, then the impacts would bemultiplied by 3.75 to normalize the changeovers to be equivalent to therequired 75-year life service. However, if the expected life of a componentis greater than 75 years, then the impacts would not be scaled.6.2 Life
31、 Cycle Stages:6.2.1 All life cycle stages associated with the building shallbe taken into account for the reference and final designs,including resource extraction or harvesting, building productmanufacturing, all related transportation, on-site construction,operations including maintenance and repl
32、acement, and decon-struction or demolition and disposal.6.2.2 The operations stage shall include operating energyuse if required or explicitly allowed by the applicable code orrating system, in which case the results of energy simulationsfor the reference and final building designs shall be included
33、 inthe LCAs and combined with embodied effects for the purposeof calculating impact measures.6.2.3 Plug loads are permitted to be included in operatingenergy estimates, and process energy excluded unless there isa clear and documented relationship to operating energy. Thefinal building design shall
34、include comparable plug loads andprocess loads if such loads are included in the operating energyestimates for the reference building design to which the finaldesign is being compared.6.2.4 If operating energy use is included, the reference andfinal building designs shall be in the same location, wi
35、thE2921 132identical temperature zones, and have the same orientation asper 6.4.1. The same energy simulation tool shall be used toestimate annual operating energy use on an hourly basis forboth the reference and final building designs.6.2.5 Maintenance and replacement schedules and actionsfor compo
36、nents during the operations stage shall reflect build-ing type and whether the building is intended to be owneroccupied or rented.6.2.6 The disposal stage shall assign comparable burdens tothe reference and final building designs for all materials thatare landfilled or incinerated as a means of disp
37、osal.All burdensassociated with material reuse, recycling or incineration for thepurposes of generating electricity or space conditioning shallbe excluded as a charge to the next use after they leave thedemolition/deconstruction site gate.6.3 Study Boundaries:6.3.1 Whole building LCAshall include th
38、e complete build-ing envelope and structural elements, inclusive of the materialcomponents of footings and foundations, interior walls, floorsand ceilings. Conduit, ductwork, piping, wiring and systemsserving an equivalent function shall be included.NOTE 2Conduit, ductwork, piping, wiring and system
39、s serving anequivalent function are essential elements in the systems identified in 6.3.3below, but are fundamentally different from a practical LCAperspective inthat they involve few materials and can be assessed at a representativeinstead of brand-specific level.6.3.2 Underground parking shall be
40、included in the finaldesign if it is included in the reference design to which the finaldesign is being compared.6.3.3 Electrical and mechanical equipment and controls,plumbing fixtures, fire detection and alarm system fixtures,elevators and conveying systems shall not be included in theassessment.N
41、OTE 3Life cycle inventory data or full LCAs for these equipmenttypes and systems are limited and tend to be brand specific. Further,building LCAs have shown that, while these types of equipment andsystems are critical to building operation, they have relatively insignificantembodied environmental im
42、pacts compared to the building structure andenvelope.6.3.4 Interior finishes and trim shall be assessed to theextent that data is available, including through the use of aseparate life cycle assessment tool, provided that comparableor similar function and performance of interior finishes andtrim are
43、 included in the reference building design to which thefinal design is being compared. All of the functions shall berepresented in both the reference and final designs whereinterior finishes serve multiple functions.6.3.5 Site development shall not be included.NOTE 4LCA in codes and rating systems i
44、s focused on the buildingmaterials, including the material components of footings and foundations.While excavation is an essential construction step, the associated envi-ronmental effects of that aspect of construction are highly site specific,which affects data availability. Further, the effects ar
45、e unlikely to besignificantly different for the reference versus final design given that bothdesigns must reflect the building size, functions and orientation.6.4 Comparison to a Reference Building:6.4.1 A reference building design used as a benchmark shallmeet the same criteria with regard to locat
46、ion, orientation, size,function and space conditioning as for the final design beingcompared to the reference design.NOTE 5Space conditioning is included in the above criteria to ensurethat the final building design does not reflect a reduction in material usethat would adversely affect space condit
47、ioning compared to the referencebuilding design.6.4.2 The same LCA tool(s) or software shall be used tocomplete the LCA for both the reference and final buildingdesigns.6.4.3 The same data sources for the same materials,components, systems and services, and the same impactcategories and impact measu
48、re characterization factors shall beused for both the reference and final building designs.6.4.4 If the selected tool does not have data for a materialselected for use in the final design, the results of a criticallyreviewed LCAor a verified Environmental Product Declarationshall be separately used
49、to provide the full set of requiredimpact indicators and demonstrate the effect on buildingenvironmental impacts by substituting said material for anothermaterial, taking account of all ancillary product effects.6.5 Weighting:6.5.1 Weighting of individual impact measures shall not beused to generate a single environmental impact number orscore. Each individual impact measure and LCI data aggrega-tion shall be reported separately for both the reference and finalbuilding designs.NOTE 6In addition to the fact that weighting imposes a highlysubjective elem
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