1、Designation: E2922 15Standard Guide forThe Use of Standard Test Methods and Practices forEvaluating Antibacterial Activity on Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2922; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides users with an index of proceduresin the form of test methods, practices, an
3、d related internationaldocuments that are currently used in the textile industry fordetermining antibacterial properties of antimicrobial treatedtextile articles. This guide is not considered as all-inclusive forantimicrobial testing procedures related to textiles.1.2 This guide identifies some exis
4、ting ASTM and otherindustry standard test methods applicable for testing theantibacterial performance on textiles and discusses optionswithin each method that have been used to address specificend-use performance expectations.1.3 This guide is intended to assist testing facilities indetermining whic
5、h test methods are appropriate for whichtreated articles based on type of antimicrobial active involved(diffusible versus non-diffusible), nature of test fabric, andexpected end use.1.4 The test methods indicated in this guide should beperformed only by those trained in microbiological techniques,ar
6、e familiar with textile antimicrobial agents and with the enduse exposures of the antimicrobial treated textile material.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-p
7、riate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2149 Test Method for Determining the Antimicrobial Ac-tivity of Antimicrobial Agents Under Dynamic ContactConditionsE2180 Test Method for Determining
8、the Activity of Incor-porated Antimicrobial Agent(s) In Polymeric or Hydro-phobic MaterialsE2722 Test Method for Using Seeded-Agar for the Screen-ing Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity in Fabric andAir Filter MediaE2756 Terminology Relating to Antimicrobial and AntiviralAgents2.2 AATCC Standards:3
9、AATCC Test Method 90: Antibacterial Activity Assessmentof Textile Materials: Agar Plate Method. American Asso-ciation of Textile Chemists and Colorists, RTP, NCAATCC Test Method 100: Antibacterial Finishes on Fabrics,Evaluation of. American Association of Textile Chemistsand Colorists, RTP, NCAATCC
10、Test Method 147: Antibacterial Activity Assess-ment of Textile Materials: Parallel Streak Method. Ameri-can Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, RTP,NC2.3 ISO Standards:4ISO 20743 Textiles Determination of Antibacterial Activ-ity of Antibacterial Finished ProductsISO 22196 Plastics Measure
11、ment of Antibacterial Activityon Plastics Surfaces2.4 JIS Standards:5JIS L 1902 Testing forAntibacterialActivity and Efficacy onTextile ProductsJIS Z 2801 Antimicrobial Products Test for AntimicrobialActivity and Efficacy2.5 Other Standards:SNV 195920 Examination of the Antimicrobial Effect ofImpreg
12、nated Textiles by the Agar Diffusion Test4IBRG TEX13/005/1.0 Quantitative Method for EvaluatingBactericidal Activity of Textiles and Porous Materials andArticles1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on Pesticides,Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents and is the direct
13、responsibility ofSubcommittee E35.15 on Antimicrobial Agents.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. DOI: 10.1520/E2922152For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volum
14、e information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from AATCC 1 Davis Dr Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2215USA. http:/www.aatcc.org/4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switz
15、erland, http:/www.iso.org.5Available from Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JIS) 1-3-1Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8901, JAPAN. http:/www.jisc.go.jpCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 For de
16、finitions of terms used in this Guide see Termi-nology E2756.4. Significance and Use4.1 Antimicrobial agents are routinely used for treatingtextile materials for the reduction of biodeterioration andbacterial odor generation. Furthermore, textiles are treated toprevent or limit microbial cross-conta
17、mination in healthcaresettings.4.2 Antimicrobial agents used in textiles will vary withregard to their broad-spectrum effectiveness, biostatic/biocidalproperties, and binding properties in or on particular substrates.When selecting antibacterial test methods as the sole means topredict end use behav
18、ior it is critical to understand the intendedend use conditions of the treated articles.4.3 Textile materials differ with regard to the knit/weave,fabric composition, and added functional feature (for example,water repellent, flame retardant, softener, whitener). Each ofthese factors may alter test
19、results within a given method.4.4 The test methods indicated below differ mainly in theprocedure for inoculating samples, levels of nutrients in thebacterial challenge, organisms used, and exposure times.4.5 This guide is intended to review each commonly usedindustry standard test method for its app
20、licability with anunderstanding of each of the factors listed above. Further, it isthe intention of this guide to indicate commonly used andgenerally accepted modifications of each method when mea-suring specific end-use functionalities.4.6 These test methods are not, in themselves, absoluteindicato
21、rs of real life performance. Such performance criteriaare developed based on a series of antimicrobial and analyticaltest methods in addition to simulated real life use studies. Allantimicrobial agents used for the treatment of textiles should becompliant with local regulatory agencies and should be
22、 deemedsafe for the proposed end-use and claims.5. Qualitative Antimicrobial Test Methods for Textiles5.1 AATCC TM 147is a qualitative test to measureantibacterial activity of diffusible antimicrobial agents ontreated textile material.5.1.1 Significance and UseThe objective is to detectbacteriostati
23、c activity on textile materials. The method is usefulfor obtaining a rough estimate of activity in that the growth ofthe inoculum organism decreases from one end of each streakto the other and from one streak to the next resulting inincreasing degrees of sensitivity. The size of the zone ofinhibitio
24、n and the narrowing of the streaks caused by thepresence of the antibacterial agent permit an estimate of theresidual antibacterial activity after multiple washes.5.1.2 Typical industry modifications include the use ofmultiple microbial organisms on a single plate. While the testmethod was developed
25、 to obtain a rough estimate of activity ofa treated article by systematically decreasing the dose oforganism across the surface of an agar plate, so too can thismethod be used as a fast determination of broad spectrumactivity if multiple organisms are used. In many cases, fourorganisms are streaked
26、lengthwise per agar plate (Escherichiacoli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Candidaalbicans) with a test fabric strip placed at 90 degrees on theagar surface across streaks if multiple organisms are used. Inmany cases, four organisms are streaked lengthwise per agarplate (Escherichia c
27、oli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococ-cus aureus, Candida albicans) with a test fabric strip placed at90 degrees on the agar surface across streaks.5.1.3 Evaluation of the test includes determination of aZone of Inhibition (ZOI)the width of the inhibition zoneaway from the treated substrate (in mi
28、llimetres) or an evalua-tion of the level of growth underneath the test substrate. Caremust be taken when evaluating growth directly underneath thesample. Some materials, including plastics and films, can makesuch intimate contact with the agar surface that no microbialgrowth is observed underneath
29、the sample. It is recommendedto compare results of treated samples to an untreated samplecomposed of the same type of material to avoid false positives.5.1.4 Lack of a ZOI does not necessarily indicate that thetreated material does not contain an antimicrobial agent. Insome cases, the nutrients avai
30、lable in agar medium or the agarmatrix itself can deactivate the antimicrobial agent, leading tofalse-negative results. Alternative methods such as the TestMethod E2149 or the AATCC 100 with low to no nutrientinoculum conditions can better define activity for those anti-microbials that are bound by
31、nutrients or agar.5.1.5 Growth directly under a test fabric does not necessar-ily indicate that the treated material does not contain anantimicrobial agent. If direct contact with the treated textile isrequired, bacteria may grow directly under the treated substratewithout the needed intimate contac
32、t with the treated substrate.Alternative quantitative methods indicated below may be moreappropriate for antimicrobial agents that are not diffusible intothe surrounding medium.5.1.6 Many test methods incorporate the agar based meth-odology for determining ZOI activity. AATCC TM 90, SNV195920 and JI
33、S L1902 are examples of international standardsthat contain aspects of measuring zone of inhibition in an agarmedium.5.1.7 This test method can be a good bioassay method fordetecting antimicrobial activity compared to untreated controlsand is appropriate for use in quality control test programs.5.2
34、Test Method E2722is designed to evaluate qualita-tively the presence of antibacterial and antifungal activity in oron fabrics or air filter media.5.2.1 Significance and UseThis test method provides forrapid screening of antimicrobial treatments located in or onfabrics and air filter media. The metho
35、d simulates actual useconditions that may occur on fabrics and provides a means toscreen for activity and durability of an antimicrobial treatmentunder conditions of organic loading.5.2.2 Typical industry modifications include the use ofmultiple microbial organisms.5.2.3 This test method provides fo
36、r a simultaneous assess-ment of multiple fabric components for antimicrobial activity,for example, fabric, component fibers with polymer incorpo-rated treatments, and back coating if present.E2922 1525.2.4 This test method may not be suited for covalentlybonded (non-soluble or non-leaching) antimicr
37、obials such assilane-modified quaternary ammonium compounds or antimi-crobials with limited migration through nutrient agar.5.2.5 Growth next to a test fabric does not necessarilyindicate that the treated material does not contain an antimi-crobial agent. If direct contact with the treated textile o
38、r somemigration of the antimicrobial agent into the nutrient agar isrequired, bacteria may grow next to the test material withoutthe needed intimate contact with the treated substrate. Alter-native quantitative methods indicated below may be moreappropriate for antimicrobial agents that are not read
39、ily diffus-ible into the surrounding medium.5.2.6 This test method can be a good bioassay method fordetecting antimicrobial activity compared to untreated controlsand is appropriate for use in quality control test programs.6. Quantitative Antimicrobial Test Methods for Textiles6.1 AATCC TM 100is des
40、igned to measure the antimi-crobial activity of textiles after direct inoculation of the textilesurface.6.1.1 Significance and UseThis test method provides aquantitative procedure for the comparison and evaluation of thedegree of antibacterial activity after a 24 h exposure to the testbacteria on th
41、e test fabric. After exposure, the bacterialchallenge is eluted from the swatches and enumerated. Thepercent reduction of bacteria of the test fabric after 24 h versusthe initial inoculum (that is, recovery at Time 0) is calculated.6.1.2 This method was originally written to provide a 24 hcontact of
42、 the bacteria with the treated surfaces. Increased anddecreased times may be used if accompanied by appropriatecontrol fabrics to ensure the survival of the organism on thesurface without treatment.6.1.3 Although the current method appears to indicate thatthe bacteria inocula should be prepared in f
43、ull-strength nutrientbroth, the levels of nutrients in this test often are modified to adilute nutrient solution (for example, 1:20 or 1:500 dilution offull-strength Nutrient Broth) or a non-nutrient solution such aswater, saline or phosphate buffer. Diluted nutrient solutionshave been shown to prom
44、ote slight to moderate microbialgrowth over the 24 h contact time. It is recommended toinclude the inoculum carrier solution that was utilized in thetest in the test report to allow readers to compare results amongdifferent test labs.6.1.4 The method often requires modification for testing ofhydroph
45、obic samples. Options include suspending the bacteriain a dilute agar slurry or the use of plastic films or cover slipsto promote more intimate contact of the inoculum to the treatedsurface on non-absorbent or highly hydrophobic surfaces. Thismodification creates methodology similar to the ISO 22196
46、 testmethod.6.1.5 The use of neutralizers in the recovery broth isessential in order to deactivate any remaining antimicrobialagents which may carry over in the dilution tubes.6.1.6 This test method is a good bioassay method fordetecting biocidal activity compared to the initial inoculum(Time 0) or
47、biostatic activity compared to an untreated controland is appropriate for use in quality control test programs.6.1.7 Sterilization of textile samples using steam autoclav-ing prior to microbiological testing can eliminate any inherentcontamination on the sample, but also may alter the antimicro-bial
48、 agent, resulting in either false positive or false negativeresults. It is recommended to avoid steam sterilization ofsamples unless absolutely necessary.6.2 Test Method E2149is designed to measure the anti-microbial activity of non-diffusible antimicrobial agents.6.2.1 Significance and UseImmobiliz
49、ed (cross-linked) an-timicrobial agents are not free to diffuse into their environmentunder normal conditions of use. Textile methods, such asAATCC TM 147, that are directly dependent on the readyleachability of the antimicrobial agent from the treated fabricare inappropriate for evaluating immobilized antimicrobialagents. This test method ensures good contact between thebacteria and the treated fiber, fabric, or other substrate, byconstant agitation of the test specimen in a challenge suspen-sion during the designated 1-h contact test period.6.2.2 Although this met
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