1、Designation: E2951 13Standard Guide forCommunity Emergency Preparedness for Persons withDisabilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2951; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONWorkshops were convened by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) HomelandSecurity Standards Panel (HSSP) to explore th
3、e need for standards-based solutions for more effectivecommunity emergency preparedness for persons with disabilities. The workshop reports containedseveral recommendations that workshop participants believed would have a positive impact onemergency preparedness for persons with disabilities. Among
4、them were (1) A recommendation thatstandards development organizations, such as theAmerican Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)International, review gaps identified through the deliberations of the workshops and initiate standardswhere none exist; (2) Recommendations that other organizations co
5、ntinue their involvement with theANSI-HSSP and other standards agencies, such as ASTM, to address the needs of the community ofpersons with disabilities; and (3) Encouraging greater involvement by the emergency planning andpreparedness community, first responder organizations and organizations invol
6、ved with persons withdisabilities in developing strategies and standards for addressing the additional needs of those withdisabilities during emergencies.The recently celebrated twentieth anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) hasshifted the definition of disability from an “underl
7、ying physical or mental condition” to a complexinteraction between a person and his or her environment. This in turn is leading to identification andremoval of any barriers in the environment that prevent full social participation by those withdisabilities and greater support for independence measur
8、es that promote their environment in allaspects of society.This guide for Community Emergency Preparedness for Persons with Disabilities, which wasdeveloped throughASTM, addresses the impact of disasters and emergencies on those with disabilitiesand recommends actions consistent with the ADA that ca
9、n be taken by local communities that willhelp to mitigate or ease that impact. While it is focused primarily on those with disabilities, the guidesubscribes to the FEMA concept of “whole community” emergency preparedness and presentssolutions and recommendations that can apply to all persons adverse
10、ly affected by an emergency.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to be used by an AuthorityHaving Jurisdiction (AHJ) to initiate preparedness efforts thataddress issues that the disability community have faced in pastemergencies and systematically coupling them with method-ologies that will help commu
11、nities enhance their chances forsurvival.1.2 This guide does not purport to address all of theelements necessary to prepare for an emergency. It is theresponsibility of the user (AHJ) of this guide to establishapplicable protocols, procedures, systems, and other means tosupport the health, safety, a
12、nd well being of persons withdisabilities.1.3 This guide is intended to provide templates for appli-cable protocols, procedures, systems, and other mechanisms topromote an integrated approach in local “preparedness” effortsfor persons with disabilities. It is intended to complement theplanning and p
13、reparedness efforts of local emergencyrespondersEmergency Management Agencies (EMAs) andOffices of Emergency Management (OEM)for persons withdisabilities.1.4 This guide is not intended to supersede or replace extantFederal, Tribal, State, or local policies, regulations, laws, or1This guide is under
14、the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on HomelandSecurity Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E54.02 onEmergency Preparedness, Training, and Procedures.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published November 2013. DOI:10.1520/E2951-13.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Ba
15、rr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1criteria, or standards and guides produced by any other entity,such as the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).1.5 This guide is intended for an AHJ, whether a govern-mental agency, non-profit, private organization
16、, or other entityinvolved in the preparedness planning for persons with dis-abilities.1.6 This guide recognizes that the ADA addresses allservices and facilities pertinent to the access and care ofpersons with disabilities, including those associated with emer-gencies. It also recognizes that the St
17、afford Act and PostKatrina Emergency Management Reform Act, along withFederal, State, and Local Civil Rights Laws, mandateintegration, inclusion, coordination, and non-segregation forpeople with disabilities in emergency programs, services, andactivities.1.7 This guide is intended to assist those in
18、volved inemergency preparedness for persons with disabilities in orderto help them better understand the concepts of accessibility andequal opportunity in such important areas as alert andnotification, evacuation, shelter management, etc., before,during, and after an event.1.8 This standard does not
19、 purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 FEMA Standard:
20、2Guidance on Planning for the Integration of FunctionalNeeds Support Services (FNSS) in General PopulationShelters, November 20102.2 NFPA Standard:3NFPA 1600 Standard on Disaster/Emergency Managementand Business Continuity Programs2.3 ANSI Standard:4Emergency Preparedness for Persons with Disabiliti
21、es andSpecial Needs2.4 Other Documents:Presidential Policy Directive/PPD-8 National Preparedness5Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)63. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)anorganization, office, or individual responsible for enfor
22、cing therequirements of a code or standard, or approving equipment,materials, an installation, or a procedure. NFPA 16003.1.2 caregivera person or entity charged with or one whoassumes the responsibility for rendering support to personswith disabilities.3.1.3 Communications Access Real time Translat
23、ion(CART)a stenographic device that captures input and trans-fers it to computer assisted captioned communications on ascreen for use by persons who are hard of hearing or deaf.3.1.4 disaster emergency managementan ongoing processto prevent, prepare for, mitigate the effects of, respond to, orrecove
24、r from an incident that threatens life, property,operations, or the environment. NFPA 16003.1.5 emergency management programa program thatimplements the mission, vision, and strategic goals and objec-tives as well as the management framework of the program andorganization. NFPA 16003.1.6 emergency r
25、esponseimmediate and ongoing activi-ties and tasks, programs, and systems to manage the effects ofan incident that threatens life, property, operations, or theenvironment. NFPA 16003.1.7 entitya governmental agency or jurisdiction, privateor public company, partnership, nonprofit organization, oroth
26、er organization that has emergency management and conti-nuity of operations responsibilities. NFPA 16003.1.8 evacuationsupervised phased withdrawal, dispersal,or removal of all civilians from dangerous or potentiallydangerous areas, and their reception and care in safe areas.3.1.9 facilitya hospital
27、, recreation center, school, sportscomplex, etc. designated to provide shelter during emergen-cies.3.1.10 incident action plana verbal or written plan, orcombination of both, developed by the incident commander,that is updated throughout the incident and reflects the overallincident strategy, tactic
28、s, risks, and strategy tactics, riskmanagement, and member safety. NFPA 16003.1.11 manmade emergencyan emergency that resultsfrom technological or other human causes not associated withweather or natural events. Examples include HAZMATincidents, fires, train derailments, acts of terror, etc.3.1.12 m
29、utual aid agreementsa prearranged agreementbetween two or more entities to share resources in response toan incident. NFPA 16003.1.13 OEM disabilities coordinatora person designatedby the local Office of Emergency Management to overseepreparedness and response for those with disabilities.3.1.14 prep
30、arednessactivities, tasks, programs, and sys-tems developed and implemented prior to an emergency thatare used to support the prevention of, mitigation or response to,and recovery from emergencies. Activities, tasks, and pro-grams specific to persons with disabilities include, but are notlimited to:
31、 assessment of hazards and risks that may have animpact due to a persons disability; specific response needs andvulnerabilities unique to persons with disabilities; advanceplanning; interagency collaboration among organizations fo-cused on persons with disabilities; education and training forpersons
32、 with disabilities and those who administer care;2Available from Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), P.O. Box10055, Hyattsville, MD 20782-8055, http:/www.fema.gov.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Avail
33、able from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 301 7th St SW, #3621,Washington, DC 20024, www.dhs.gov/presidential/policy.6Available from U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Cons
34、titution Ave NW,Washington, DC 20210, www.dol.gov/ADA.E2951 132practicing through exercising; attaining adequate capacitiesand necessary engineering controls/structural changes to facili-ties to entry and use by persons with disabilities.3.1.15 resource managementa system for identifyingavailable re
35、sources to enable timely and unimpeded access toresources needed to prevent, mitigate, respond to, or recoverfrom an incident. NFPA 16003.1.16 resourcespersonal service animals or equipment,supplies, services, and facilities available or potentially avail-able for assignment or allocation to inciden
36、t operations orcoordination.3.1.17 volunteeran individual accepted by the lead agencyin an emergency that has the authority to perform volunteerservices. Normally, volunteers provide assistance without com-pensation. When referred to in this guide, the term volunteerincludes affiliated and unaffilia
37、ted volunteers and groups.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides recommendations for the local orregional AHJ to use in dealing with persons with disabilitieswho reside within their area of responsibility or jurisdiction. Itprovides information that can support development of proce-dures and
38、 protocols in preparing for the impact of emergencieson persons with disabilities, and it includes recommendationsaddressing such actions as:4.1.1 NotificationAlerts and warnings for the generalpublic of a pending emergency, and any additional provisionsthat may be necessary to assure that persons w
39、ith disabilitiesare able to receive the message(s).4.1.2 CommunicationsInformation dissemination to thecommunity, including provisions for persons with disabilitiesso that they are able to receive and respond.4.1.3 PreparationEnsuring that the community knowsabout the risks and dangers inherent in e
40、mergencies and thenecessity for personal planning.4.1.4 Action and MitigationSteps that should be takenwhen an emergency becomes imminent, and planning inadvance how to minimize its impact on the community.4.1.5 EvacuationThe process of relocating to a safer areato avoid or lessen the risks associat
41、ed with an emergency.Generally, evacuation actions are initiated or recommended bylocal emergency management officials.4.1.6 TransportationTransportation applies to all personswho need to evacuate or relocate in advance of or during anemergency. It may include transportation on his or her own,throug
42、h a neighbor, a volunteer who can assist, or publicconveyances that can be used in an emergency.4.1.7 AccommodationDesignated centers or shelters thatthe local citizens can use in an emergency, and any additionalprovisions that are made for addressing the needs of those withdisabilities.4.1.8 Reloca
43、tionFacilities where residents can evacuate tobefore and during an emergency. It may also provide temporarylodging for residents following an event if their homes are in anunsafe area or no longer habitable.4.1.9 RestorationThe resumption of normalcy followingan emergency.4.2 The AHJ should assign a
44、 person to the OEM withresponsibility for coordinating and otherwise implementingprotocols and procedures for persons with disabilities. Thisindividual should be identified as the OEM Disabilities Coor-dinator. The functions assigned to the Coordinator shouldinclude:4.2.1 Establishing and leading a
45、team of volunteers who aretrained in assisting persons with disabilities, and who cansupport their integration into the planning and preparednessprocess.4.2.2 Establishing a small team of volunteers with disabili-ties to serve as a panel or group of subject matter experts toprovide advice and guidan
46、ce on issues surrounding personswith disabilities in emergency situations.4.2.3 Establishing an agreement, pact, contract, or otherbinding document with other jurisdictions to provide mutualaid or assistance in dealing with persons with disabilitiesshould it become necessary before, during, or follo
47、wing anemergency.4.2.4 The following key concerns should be addressed byindividual teams dedicated to the specific areas indicated.However, due to staffing limitations, OEMs may not have thenecessary resources needed to establish the number of indi-vidual teams listed. In those instances, the OEM sh
48、ouldcombine efforts, creating fewer teams, but at the same timemaking sure that the different areas are covered as fully aspossible. The OEM should also consider calling upon socialservice agencies to provide some of the support in thoseinstances when staffing limitations prevent OEM from doingso. T
49、he recommended teams are listed below:4.2.4.1 Alert and Notification TeamWorking in close co-ordination with officials involved in local incident command,public information dissemination and other appropriate staff inthe emergency response chain of command, the Alert andNotification Team would assist in:(1) Alert and notification for persons with disabilities of apending emergency. Communications should include suchinformation as (a) Assessment of hazards and dangers topersons with disabilities; (b) Mobility risks; (c) Anticipatedemergency response activ
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