1、Designation: E2969 17Standard Test Methods forTransverse Load Tests on Panels Used in WallConstruction1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2969; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONSound engineering design of structures using existing or new materials requires accurate technicaldata on the strength and rigi
3、dity of the basic elements employed in various construction systems. It isthe purpose of these test methods to provide a systematic basis for obtaining engineering data onvarious construction elements and structural details of value to designers, builders, building officials,and others interested in
4、 this field. The results should closely approximate the performance in actualservice.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover transverse load testing todetermine the structural properties of wall segments.1.2 These test methods serve to evaluate the performance ofwall panels subject to transverse bendin
5、g loads applied per-pendicular to the plane of the wall. The tests are conducted onhorizontal or vertical specimens under two-point loading. Italso shall be permitted to apply uniform load using an air bagor a vacuum chamber. Depending upon the configurationtested, these loads are intended to evalua
6、te the transversedeflection, permanent set, and maximum flexural capacity orplanar shear capacity, or both, of the wall segment. These testmethods are not intended for the evaluation of individualstructural framing or supporting members (floor joist, decking,etc.), or both. The connections between t
7、he vertical elements ofthe wall segment and the surrounding construction are ex-cluded from the scope of these methods and shall be evaluatedby alternative means.1.3 Notes and footnotes in this standard provide explanatorymaterial. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tablesand figures, sha
8、ll not be considered as requirements of thisstandard.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priat
9、e safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopme
10、nt of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE72 Test Methods of Conducting Strength Tests of Panelsfor Bu
11、ilding ConstructionE575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests ofBuilding Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As-sembliesE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE2309/E2309M Practices for Verification of DisplacementMeasuring Systems and Devices Used in Material TestingMachines3.
12、Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of general terms related to buildingconstruction used in these test methods, refer to TerminologyE631.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.
13、11on Horizontal and Vertical Structures/Structural Performance of Completed Struc-tures.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2017. Published December 2017. DOI:10.1520/E2969-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
14、Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with international
15、ly recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1
16、 asymmetrical assemblies, npanels having differentconfiguration on exterior and interior exposed surface.3.2.2 wall panel configuration, na wall panel of specificlength, or height, and width representing one possible case ofa wall system and consisting of a specific arrangement of wallpanel componen
17、ts.4. Significance and Use4.1 The procedures outlined in these test methods serve toevaluate the performance of the wall segments for deflection,permanent set, and maximum load-carrying capacity undertransverse loading. Performance criteria based on data col-lected using these procedures fall outsid
18、e the scope of these testmethods.4.2 Transverse loads cannot be applied satisfactorily tosome wall constructions, such as masonry, with the specimenin a horizontal position. For such constructions, the loads shallbe applied to the specimen in a vertical position thus simulatingservice conditions.4.3
19、 Test results obtained from the two-point loading (8.2.1and 9.2.1) and the uniform loading (8.2.2 and 9.2.2) are neithercompatible nor interchangeable.5. Test Specimens5.1 Minimum Number of SpecimensThere shall be at leastthree specimens tested for each wall panel configuration andloading direction.
20、 Asymmetrical assemblies shall be tested oneach face (side) for which the results may be different.5.2 Specimen ConstructionSpecimens shall be con-structed to represent segments of the wall assembly. Thespecimens shall be representative as to material and workman-ship and shall be of the practical s
21、ize to predict the targetedstructural performance attributes of the assembly (see 5.3).5.3 Length or HeightThe length, or height, of specimenfor each wall panel configuration shall be chosen to conform tothe length, or height, of that wall panel in actual use. Thelength(s) selected for testing shall
22、 be chosen to promote anypotential flexural or shear failure modes, or both, that mayoccur (see Note 1).NOTE 1 An example of an approach that may satisfy this requirementmay be to test the shortest wall length that may occur in actual use toevaluate the potential for a shear failure and a longer rep
23、resentative lengthto achieve a bending failure5.4 WidthThe width of specimen shall be chosen, insofaras possible, to include several of the principal load-carryingmembers to ensure that the behavior under load will simulatethat under service conditions. The nominal width of specimensshall be 1.2 m (
24、48 in.). The actual width of specimens shall bea whole number multiple of the spacing of the principalload-carrying members, except for prefabricated panels forwhich the actual width shall be the width of panel used. If thestructural properties of a particular construction are to becompared with ano
25、ther construction, the specimens shall be ofcomparable (similar) sizes.5.5 AgeConstructions such as plaster, stucco, concrete,and masonry (brick, stone, structural clay tile, or concreteblock) for which the structural properties depend upon the ageof the specimen shall be aged not less than what is
26、indicated bythe manufacturer or national standard, or both. The age of thespecimen shall be recorded in the report.6. Apparatus6.1 Loading ApparatusFor any of the horizontal andvertical test methods detailed in Sections 8 and 9, the testingmachine and load-measuring apparatus shall comply with there
27、quirements prescribed in Practices E4.6.2 SupportsThe supporting method of the specimen shallclosely reflect the field application. If the supports cannotreflect the field applications, then the specimen shall be simplysupported at the ends in accordance with 8.1.1.6.3 Deflection-Measuring Apparatus
28、Deflection-measuring apparatus shall meet the requirements given in 8.1.4for the tests on horizontal specimens and 9.1.4 for the tests onvertical specimens.7. Procedure7.1 ProcedureFor any of the horizontal and vertical testmethods detailed in Sections 8 and 9, the following loadapplication and disp
29、lacement measurement procedures shall beused:7.2 Application of LoadApply the load to the specimen inincrements so chosen that a sufficient number of readings (4 to10) will be obtained to definitely determine the load-deflectioncurve (see 7.3) using the following sequence:7.2.1 Apply a pre-load not
30、to exceed 5 % of the expectedmaximum load and hold for 5 min (61 min). Release the loadand allow a recovery period for stabilization of the testspecimen. Then zero-out the deflection-measuring devices. Therecovery period for stabilization shall not be less than 5 min(61 min) at zero load.7.2.2 Incre
31、ase the load to the first increment, hold for 5 min(61 min), and then release. Hold the specimen released for5 min (61 min).7.2.3 Increase the load to the next increment, maintain theload level as constant as possible for the predetermined period(see 7.4) and unless otherwise specified, release it.
32、Maintainthe specimen in the unloaded state for 5 min (61 min).7.2.4 Repeat 7.2.3 sequence for each of the predeterminedincrements until the behavior of the specimen under loadindicates that it might fail suddenly and damage the deflection-measuring apparatus. Then, remove this apparatus from thespec
33、imen and increase the load continuously until the maxi-mum load is reached.7.2.5 Loading RateLoad shall be applied at a uniform rateof load or displacement. The loading rate shall be such that thetarget load or displacement at each increment is achieved in notless than 1 min. Report the loading rate
34、 used and the time fromload initiation to maximum load for each test specimen.7.3 Measurements:7.3.1 At each load increment, take displacement readings assoon as practical after load application, at the end of the 5-minE2969 172period under constant load, and immediately and at the end ofthe 5-min p
35、eriod after any partial or complete load release.Maintain complete load-deflection-time records throughout thetest until the deflection-measuring apparatus is removed.7.3.2 If application of a given load is required for a longerperiod, take displacement readings at the beginning, at inter-vals durin
36、g this period, and immediately at the end of theperiod, to allow the satisfactory plotting of a time-deflectioncurve for the complete period.7.3.3 Calculate the deflection for each edge of the specimenunder a given load as the difference between the readings whenthe load is applied and the initial r
37、eading. Calculate thedeflection at mid-span as the average of the deflectionsobtained at both edges of the specimen. Calculate the setsunder the initial load (or partially released load, if applicable)by using the same procedure7.4 Duration of Load ApplicationAt each load increment,maintain load lev
38、el as constant as possible for a period of atleast 5 min. If load duration has an important bearing on testresults for certain wall constructions, a longer period of loadapplication, such as 24 h, is required (see Note 2).NOTE 2Reasons for the 5-min application of constant-level incrementloads are a
39、s follows:(1) To permit the assembly to come to a substantial rest prior to takingthe second set of readings (depending on the method employed forapplying the test load, it may be necessary to continue, at a reduced rate,the motion of the loading device in order to maintain the constant loadlevel du
40、ring the 5-min period).(2) To provide sufficient time for making all observations. Longer timeintervals may be required under certain conditions.(3) To observe any time-dependent deformation or load redistribution,or both, and to record accurately the load level when time-dependentdeformation starts
41、, that is, at the divergence of the immediate and delayedload-deflection curves. This load level may, under certain conditions, havean important bearing on the design load.(4) To be able to stop the test if initial results show that failure is likely.(5) To assure uniformity in specimen performance
42、and consistency intest results.7.5 Direction of Load ApplicationThe specimens shall betested with the transverse load applied to the outside face of thespecimen. For asymmetrical assemblies, additional specimensshall be tested with the transverse load applied to the insideface.8. Test on Horizontal
43、Specimen8.1 Apparatus:8.1.1 Loading ApparatusThe apparatus shall be capableof applying two-point load or a uniform load (such as thatapplied by air bag or vacuum chamber) and shall conform tothe requirements prescribed in 8.1.2 and 8.1.3, or the equiva-lent.8.1.2 SupportsThe specimen shall be suppor
44、ted at theends of the span across the entire width using steel bearingplates on steel rollers (recommend 5-cm (2-in.) diameter). Thesize of the bearing plates shall be sufficient to prevent alocalized bearing failure, but not more that 5 % of the test span.8.1.3 Loading AssemblyThe load shall be app
45、lied usingtwo steel rollers with a steel plate between each loading rollerand the specimen. The rollers and plates shall be sized inaccordance with 8.1.2.8.1.4 Deflection-Measuring DeviceThe deflection-measuring device shall be compatible with the test apparatusindicated in 8.1.1 and provide Class D
46、 or better accuracy inaccordance with Practices E2309/E2309M. A frame shall beplaced on the upper face of the specimen. To prevent stressesdeforming the frame as the specimen deforms under load, thisframe shall rest on three hardened steel balls each supported bya steel block on the face of the spec
47、imen. Two of the balls shallbe placed in a line vertically above one support and the thirdball vertically above the other support. Two deflection-measuring devices, one positioned near each longitudinal edgeof the specimen, shall be attached to the frame at mid-span.The spindles shall rest on the up
48、per face of the specimen (seeX1.8 for additional information).8.2 Loading ProcedureThe test on the horizontal speci-men shall be performed using either two-point loading (8.2.1)or uniform loading (8.2.2), such as that applied by air bag(8.2.2.1) or vacuum chamber (8.2.2.2).8.2.1 Two-Point LoadingApp
49、aratus for the two-pointloading method is shown schematically in Fig. 1A. Test thespecimen as a simple beam of a span 15 cm (6 in.) less than thespecimen length. Apply two equal loads, each at a distance ofone-quarter of the span from the supports.8.2.2 Uniform LoadingUniformly distributed load shallbe applied by air pressure, either by means of an air bag or ina vacuum chamber having the specimen as one face.NOTE 3Uniformly distributed loading is a satisfactory test method.However, the transverse bending capacity for any span may be greater forsome constructi
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