1、Designation: E2986 15Standard Guide forEvaluation of Environmental Aspects of Sustainability ofManufacturing Processes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2986; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides guidance to develop manufacturer-specific procedures for evaluating the environmental susta
3、in-ability performance of manufacturing processes. This guideintroduces decision support methods that can be used toimprove sustainability performance.1.2 The scope of this guide is constrained by the manufac-turing phase of the life cycle. The guide addresses specificsrelated to the processes and p
4、rocedures within this phase.1.3 This guide will allow manufacturers to make effectiveevaluations during plant and enterprise-wide decision-makingwithin the manufacturing phase.1.4 This guide focuses on environmental sustainabilityimpacts, though social and economic impacts are not explicitlyexcluded
5、.1.5 This guide addresses:1.5.1 Setting boundaries for the evaluation of environmentalsustainability of a process or processes,1.5.2 Identifying the process and equipment-related param-eters necessary for environmental sustainability-driven processevaluation,1.5.3 Creating process models using these
6、 parameters,1.5.4 Utilizing process models to support consistent evalu-ations and sustainability-driven decision-making in a manufac-turing enterprise.NOTE 1See ULE 880 for additional guidance at enterprise-leveldecision-making.1.6 This guide may be used to complement other standardsthat address sus
7、tainability and the product life cycle. Thisguide most closely relates to the inventory component asdiscussed in the ISO 14040 series (ISO 14040, ISO 14044)standards, efficiency as discussed in the ISO 50000 series (ISO50001) standards, and resource management as discussed inthe ISO 55000 series (IS
8、O 55001) standards.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standar
9、d to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1808 Guide for Designing and Conducting Visual Experi-mentsE2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Perfor-mance of
10、BuildingsE2629 Guide for Verification of Process Analytical Technol-ogy (PAT) Enabled Control Systems2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 14040 Environmental managementLife cycle assess-mentPrinciples and frameworkISO 14044 Environmental managementLife cycle assess-mentRequirements and guidelinesISO 50001 Energy
11、managementISO 55001 Asset managementManagement systemsRequirements2.3 UL Standards:4ULE 880 Sustainability for Manufacturing Organizations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of terms shall be in accordance with Termi-nology E2114.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 on Sustainabilit
12、yand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.13 on Sustainable Manufac-turing.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2015. Published August 2015. DOI: 10.1520/E2986-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Ann
13、ual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from UL, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-20
14、96, http:/.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 indicator, nquantitative value or qualitative informa-tion derived from a set of parameters that provides informationa
15、bout the state of a phenomenon.3.2.1.1 DiscussionAn example of a common indicator isCO2equivalent emissions.53.2.1.2 DiscussionAn indicator can be used as a referencefor decision-making.3.2.1.3 DiscussionThis definition is consistent with thedefinition in Terminology E2114.3.2.2 manufacturing resour
16、ce, nany equipment,personnel, fixtures, gages, tooling, external accessories, soft-ware and control programs, and required operational settingsused in manufacturing a product.3.2.3 metric, nmeasurable quantity on which processesare evaluated and/or compared.3.2.3.1 DiscussionFor instance, CO2equival
17、ent emissionsin metric tons or total energy consumption in kWh. Metricsprovide a measure for which indicators can be evaluated.3.2.4 process model, nstructured representation of theinformation associated with a manufacturing process.3.2.4.1 DiscussionSee Guide E2629 for process modelsspecific to mat
18、erial use.3.2.5 unit manufacturing process, nequipment and asso-ciated operations that provide fundamental manufacturingfunctionality for making or modifying a part, assembly, orproduct.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe unit manufacturing process mayconsist of one or more tightly integrated operations yet furth
19、erdecomposition of process functionality would compromise theaccuracy and application of the model.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides a reference to the manufacturingcommunity for the evaluation of environmental sustainabilityaspects of manufacturing processes. This guide is intended toi
20、mprove efficiencies and consistencies of informal methods byproviding procedures for consistent evaluations of manufactur-ing processes.4.2 This guide describes a procedure to identify parametersand models for evaluating sustainability metrics for a particularprocess. Users of this guide will benefi
21、t from insight into thesustainability implications of selected processes as well as thecontributing factors.5. Method for Manufacturing Process Evaluation5.1 To evaluate the sustainability of manufacturing pro-cesses for improvement, organizations need to develop andimplement a consistent, organizat
22、ion-wide sustainability mea-surement process. The following sections provide guidelinesfor such a process.5.2 Setting Sustainability Objective:5.2.1 Sustainability assessment starts with a statement of thesustainability goals, including the area of opportunity to beaddressed. In this step, an organi
23、zation identifies the opportu-nities from several perspectives: organizational,environmental, external and internal stakeholders.NOTE 2To define the objective(s), various methods for data collectionand analysis can be used, such as interviewing managers, sustainabilityauditors, the study of past sus
24、tainability reports of the organization, orvarious external guidelines.5.3 Identifying Indicator:5.3.1 Indicators provide a context to measure, analyze, andscore the sustainability aspects of manufacturing processes.Indicators can be defined internally, or can be selected fromvarious indicator repos
25、itories.5.3.2 Indicators are selected based on the sustainabilityobjective, such as energy consumption for efficiency or CO2equivalent emissions for climate considerations. Factors thatmay influence indicator selection include the type of product,type of process, type of resource, quantity of resour
26、ce, finalreporting format, budget, approvals required, market, timeavailability, or other external guidelines.5.3.3 An indicator is characterized by the following attri-butes:5.3.3.1 NameThe word(s) for the distinctive designationof an indicator.5.3.3.2 DefinitionThe statement expressing the essenti
27、alcharacteristics and function of an indicator.5.3.3.3 Measurement TypeThe type of an indicator (quan-titative or qualitative).5.3.3.4 Unit of MeasureThe unit value of the indicator.5.3.3.5 ReferencesCitable documents of existing indicatorset(s) or specific indicator(s), based on which an indicator
28、isadopted from existing set(s) or newly developed.5.3.3.6 Application LevelThe level in a hierarchical orga-nization at which the indicator is applied.5.3.4 Using this information, an organization may also setup their own sustainability indicators based on their businessstrategies.5.4 Identifying Pr
29、ocess(es):5.4.1 Process identification establishes the specific processor set of processes that contribute to the identified indicator.5.4.2 Process identification should be guided through the setobjectives and the associated indicators selected.5.4.3 The process or set of processes under evaluation
30、should fall within the governing process or production plan.The order in which a process is selected or an objective isdetermined will vary depending on the production plan andorganizational goals.5.4.4 Relevant documentation should be collected and mayinclude:5.4.4.1 Engineering drawings.5.4.4.2 Ro
31、uting sheets with several processes.5.4.4.3 Safety data sheets.5.4.4.4 Quality control plans that provide product and pro-cess specifications.5.4.4.5 Setup sheets for individual machines. Setup sheetsinclude the operating parameters of the machine.5An explanation of CO2equivalent emissions and an ov
32、erview of commonrepositories can be found here: http:/www.mel.nist.gov/msid/SMIR/index.html.Some common repository examples include: Global Report Initiative (http:/www.globalreporting.org), Environmental Indicators for European Union (http:/www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators).E2986 1525.5 I
33、dentifying Evaluation Metrics:5.5.1 Evaluation metrics associate the process or processesto be evaluated with the identified indicator. Metrics provide ameasure for which indicators can be evaluated.5.5.2 Evaluation metrics are dependent on the selectedindicator (example: waste for material efficien
34、cy and energyusage for energy efficiency), the equipment and processesbeing evaluated, and the availability of data.5.5.3 Evaluation metric identification should take into con-sideration the capabilities and limitations of available measure-ment equipment.NOTE 3Identifying the appropriate metric is
35、important, as the metricmay influence the boundary conditions of the evaluation process and theuncertainty of the results.5.6 Setting Boundary Conditions:5.6.1 Boundary conditions limit the scope and constrain theextent of the evaluation. Boundary conditions may include thephysical boundaries associ
36、ated with identified equipment ortime-related boundaries. Physical boundaries may be refineddepending on the definitions of the unit manufacturing pro-cesses. Time-related boundary conditions establish the periodof time for which measurements are taken or evaluation resultsare valid.5.6.1.1 The prod
37、uction plan associated with the process orprocesses of interest will outline and establish the boundaries.Boundaries of the evaluation may be set at the supply chain,the company, the plant level, or within the plant at themanufacturing process level.5.6.1.2 A manufacturing process can be described a
38、s asystem that consists of multiple subprocesses within theboundaries. A simple boundary example consists of a singleunit manufacturing process and the designated manufacturingequipment.5.6.1.3 An example boundary application on a system is theassembly of a hand-held power tool. The boundary willdet
39、ermine how the unit is characterized, for instance, aboundary may be placed around the entire assembly process forthe power tool, or the boundary may be placed around asubassembly of the power tool.5.6.2 Establishing Process Boundaries:5.6.2.1 The production plan may include handling andstorage acti
40、vities associated with the production process, thusincluding the peripheral equipment and storage facility. Ex-amples include the material handling systems used to transportwork-in-process (WIP) between manufacturing processes, theracks and storage for WIP and inventory, and a portion of theheating
41、and cooling of the facility. The organization maychoose not to include the peripheral equipment and storagefacility in the study.5.6.2.2 Examples of boundary conditions that should beconsidered:(a) Upstream and downstream information from the supplychain.(b) Materials handling between processes.(c)
42、Allocation of energy consumption in the facility (forexample, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning-HVAC).(d) Impact of peak versus off peak energy consumption.(e) Process monitoring at the machine level.5.6.2.3 Indicators and corresponding metrics will influencehow boundary conditions are defi
43、ned. For example, whenevaluating for material efficiency, boundary conditions may beaffected by considerations such as use of co-products, by-products, reworked, recycled or scrap material. When evaluat-ing for energy efficiency, considerations may includecogeneration, alternate sources of energy, e
44、nergy audits, orreclamation of waste energy from processes (that is, usingexhaust heat from one process as energy input for a differentprocess).5.6.3 Establishing Unit Manufacturing Processes:5.6.3.1 The identification of unit manufacturing processeswill (1) determine where measurements should be ta
45、ken inorder to calculate process-specific metrics, and (2) provideboundaries for analytical models that can be developed usingwell-defined unit manufacturing processes.5.6.3.2 Production processes can consist of multiple unitmanufacturing processes. In these scenarios, the sustainabilityperformance
46、of a manufacturing process can be evaluated as anaggregation of the performance of unit manufacturing pro-cesses. The unit manufacturing processes identified within theestablished boundary conditions should either directly orindirectly relate to the chosen indicator.5.6.3.3 Examples of boundary cond
47、itions that should beconsidered at the unit manufacturing process level include:(a) Identifying useful energy, that is, the energy consumedin making the part or product.(b) Incorporating waste heat generated during processing.(c) Distinguishing material removed from a part or productas waste or recy
48、cled.(d) Evaluating sub-processes within the process at efficien-cies other than 100 % efficient.5.6.4 Supply Chain Considerations:5.6.4.1 Production planning may consider manufacturingresources outside of the plant through an established supplychain. The boundary conditions of the supply chain must
49、 becarefully considered. Resource data can be collected fromoutside plants along the supply chain.5.6.4.2 It is possible to include external data from down-stream and upstream processes, that is, consideration of theemissions associated with the electricity used by the processes.5.6.4.3 It is important that wherever boundaries are createdthat they remain consistent throughout the evaluation process.5.7 Identifying Input and Output Parameters:5.7.1 Each unit manufacturing process has one or moreinput and output parameters associated with it. Inp
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