1、Designation: E3033 16Standard Guide forBeneficial Use of Landfills and Chemically Impacted Sites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3033; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONOver the last half-century, environmental protection programs have withdrawn from use propertiesposing significant adverse human heal
3、th impacts, yet some with lesser potential impact continue to beheavily used for example, pedestrian; recreational; or outdoor entertainment-related, concert audienceseating without evaluation. Assessment of environmental conditions for properties undergoingownership transfer is now common (and ofte
4、n required), yet those of historic ownership are notsimilarly evaluated. This guide serves the need for a forward-looking program that allows aknowledgeable environmental professional to complete an evaluation of a proposed beneficial use,utilizing readily available information and her/his professio
5、nal judgment whether property usagerestrictions are necessary to be protective of human health. Two outcomes of such an evaluationinclude finding that the proposed beneficial use is acceptable, or a finding that the proposed beneficialuse request is not acceptable. The environmental professional may
6、 condition her/his finding ofacceptability of beneficial use with institutional and engineering controls based on actual or potentialsoil chemical concentrations, known background chemical concentrations, and other approaches thatprovide a barrier between a chemical and a site user or limit times of
7、 use.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides a beneficial, acceptable use frame-work for the development of: (1) Inactive and pre-RCRA (orpre-regulatory) solid waste landfills that are considered orphanor latchkey to be repurposed, despite having offsite migrationimpacts of landfill gases and/or leachate, a
8、lbeit at de minimislevels; (2) other types of unregulated waste landfills; (3) sitesimpacted by chemical releases; (4) legacy or ongoing,intentional, or unintentional fill placement; (5) closed, open, oroperating post-RCRA landfills or landfills in the planningstages such that materials may be place
9、d in ways that optimizea landfills use in future years; and (6) underutilized or heavilyused (for example, pedestrian; recreational; or repetitive,entertainment, single event) chemically impacted sites. Also,this guide identifies land usage and conditions of adjacent/non-waste portions of a landfill
10、 (that is, buffer areas not within thefootprint of an actual landfill or chemically impacted site itself)that should be evaluated before a site use is consideredacceptable.1.2 Provided herein is instruction on evaluating and judgingthe acceptability of: (1) Chemical exposure barrier(s) (andother eng
11、ineering and institutional control measures) in placebetween actual or potential chemically impacted soil; and/or(2) time of use restriction(s) established at a waste / chemicallyimpacted site.1.3 Additionally provided is instruction on assessing theterminal conditions at a municipal solid waste (MS
12、W) landfill;that is, flows of methane below which passive rather thanactive venting is recommended, and flows of leachate of along-term, consistent quality that is clean enough to allowdirect discharge of the liquid to surface waters. See AppendixX3 for additional information.1.4 This guide compleme
13、nts solid waste regulatory pro-grams where guidance on beneficial usage is unavailable orinsufficient, thereby improving the chance that such sites maybe repurposed for public and/or private benefit.1.5 This guide may be implemented in conjunction withASTMs Standard Guide for Integrating Sustainable
14、 Objec-tives in Cleanups (Guide E2876-13) with respect to communityengagement activities. See Guide E2876 for more information.1.6 This guide should not be used as a justification to avoid,minimize, or delay implementation of specific cleanup activi-ties as required by law or regulation.1.7 This gui
15、de should not be used to characterize (that is,environmentally assess) a site for the purpose of ownershiptransfer, although it could supplement other environmentalassessments that are used in such a transfer.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk
16、 Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.03 on Beneficial Use.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2016. Published April 2016. DOI: 10.1520/E303316Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United St
17、ates11.8 Users of this guide make professional judgments thatonly apply to a particular site, at a particular date and time, anddo not warrant safe conditions existing beyond that date. It isnot impossible that a significant environmental exposure con-dition exists at a site but was missed by the us
18、er of this guideor the Environmental Professional who led the evaluation, orthat the condition was introduced subsequent to the evaluation.The evaluation of a site by an Environmental Professional isnot intended to be exhaustive; there may be significant un-known conditions that may not be apparent
19、through reasonablesite characterization efforts. Further, the user of the guideshould advise the site owner to maintain any EnvironmentalProfessional-recommended engineering and institutional con-trols and any established signage into the future for theplanned, identified beneficial use. Those who u
20、se the finalreports generated through the use of this guide are cautioned tounderstand the limits of what the Environmental ProfessionalsCompleted Site Evaluation describes. Compared to a waste /chemically impacted site NOT evaluated (in the mannerdescribed herein) before a use activity is implement
21、ed isclearly subject to greater potential adverse impacts to humanhealth, public safety, or welfare than a waste / chemicallyimpacted site that is. See 3.1.24 for a discussion of the DueDiligence Threshold of the Environmental Professional and 4.4for additional information.1.9 Users of this guide sh
22、ould comply with all applicablefederal, State, and local statutes and regulations requiringand/or relating to protection of human health. This includes,and is not limited to, laws and regulations relating to health andsafety of the people using a developed waste / chemicallyimpacted site, the surrou
23、nding community, and/or public sectorand private sector personnel who are involved in the manage-ment or oversight of waste / chemically impacted sites. See (1)2for useful information on land revitalization and (2) forinformation on chemical safety.1.10 Use of this guide is considered a sustainable
24、urbangovernance practice as identified by Rowland (2008) (3).1.11 This guide is composed of the following sections:Referenced Documents; Terminology; Significance and Use;Planning and Scoping; Site Use Activity Evaluation andSelection Process; and Site UseActivity Evaluation, Reporting,and Documenta
25、tion.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Refere
26、nced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase IEnvironmental Site Assessment ProcessE2201 Terminology for Coal Combustion ProductsE2247 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase IEnvironmental Site Assessment Process for Forestland orRural Proper
27、tyE2876 Guide for Integrating Sustainable Objectives intoCleanupE2893 Guide for Greener Cleanups3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 active use, ntypically expressed as “active recre-ational use,” this term could be used to describe a use that hassimilar potential for exposure to chemicals in bare so
28、il. See4.1.1 for a discussion on this type of activity.3.1.2 acceptable use, nan Environmental Professionalsdescription of a proposed beneficial use, characterized by thenature and duration of activities involved, for a property that isevaluated and determined to be protective of human health,public
29、 safety, and welfare with, if necessary, specified engi-neering and institutional controls and established signage.3.1.3 acceptable site conditions, na descriptive conditionfor a site proposed for beneficial use (either active use orpassive use) using Guide E3033 when concentrations ofchemicals list
30、ed in Appendix X5 as Soil Cleanup Objectives(SCOs) are less than those listed but may otherwise be knownto exist in surface soils, and no imminent threats to humanhealth, public safety or welfare exist.3.1.4 applicable local, state, or tribal (regulatory agency)organization, nthe political or offici
31、al authority concerningthe use of land for public or private purposes where there artpotential adverse impacts to human health, public safety, orwelfare or other objectionable conditions, such as odors,smells, or poor visual qualities.3.1.5 beneficial use of a coal combustion product, ntheuse of or
32、substitution of the coal combustion product (CCP) foranother product based on performance criteria. For purposes ofthis definition, beneficial use includes but is not restricted toraw feed for cement clinker, concrete, grout, flowable fill,controlled low strength material; structural fill; road base
33、/sub-base; soil modification; mineral filler; snow and ice tractioncontrol; blasting grit and abrasives; roofing granules; miningapplications; wallboard; waste stabilization/solidification; soilamendment; and agriculture. See Terminology E2201 and USEPA, 2015 (4) for more information.3.1.6 buffer ar
34、ea, na geographically linear land parcel thatblocks the adverse visual, auditory, or odiferous effects ofwaste management.3.1.7 caps and liners, nnatural (for example, compactedclay liners) or synthetic (for example, HDPE) materials placedon the top, bottom, and sidewalls of a landfill to totally co
35、ntainleachate, prevent rainwater and groundwater infiltration, anddirect the flow of gases to a venting system on top (and the flowof leachate to the base, for extraction) of a municipal solidwaste landfill.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard
36、.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E3033 1623.1.8 caretaker mode, nlong-term management scheme
37、ofa non-operating landfill in which terminal conditions formigrating methane, leachate, and low-density buried solidshave been attained. See 3.1.42 and Appendix X3 for additionalinformation.3.1.9 charrette, nan intensive planning session wherestakeholders (including property owners and neighboring l
38、and-owners) collaborate on a vision for a use at a chemicallyimpacted site. It provides a forum for ideas and offers theunique advantage of giving immediate feedback to the users ofthis guide. See Guide E2876 for more information.3.1.10 chemically impacted site, nan area where chemi-cals have been p
39、laced intentionally or by nature, upon theground surface or at depth, not containing putrescible, organicwastes of a municipal solid waste landfill; includes sites withhistoric, urban fill and urban land areas impacted by leademissions from automobiles and lead paint chips from buildingsurfaces. It
40、is common to label such sites as brownfields, asopposed to land that is not chemically impacted that are knownas a greenfields.3.1.11 closed site, nsee 3.1.39, landfill closure.3.1.12 coal ash, ncollective term referring to any solidmaterials produced primarily from the combustion of coal (atype of
41、industrial waste). Examples include fly ash, bottomash, and boiler slag.3.1.13 coal ash dry management unit, ncoal ash landfill,a material management unit that is characteristically morestable (that is, has a higher load bearing capacity) and thereforeis potentially available for the eight types of
42、beneficial site usesidentified herein.3.1.14 coal ash wet management unit, ncoal ash surfaceimpoundment; a material management unit less stable than adry management unit, associated with sidewall failures andspills into the environment. These types of units are not to beconsidered for any of the eig
43、ht types of beneficial site usesidentified herein. See Katz (2015)(5) and US EPA (2015) (6),for more information.3.1.15 community engagement, npro-active reaching outto neighbors of a waste / chemically impacted site, adjacentproperty owners, stakeholders, and civic leaders by the ownerof the waste
44、/ chemically impacted site, the guide user,Environmental Professional, and the Project Team for thepurpose of selecting an acceptable site use activity. See GuideE2876 for more information.3.1.16 completed site evaluation, nthe end of this guidesprocess; a report (prepared by an Environmental Profes
45、sional)that accepts or rejects a proposed beneficial use of a waste /chemically impacted site.Ifaccepted, one or more of theAppendix X4 forms are completed as described therein. See7.2 for additional information.3.1.17 concurrence, nagreement among two or more in-dividuals or organizations that a co
46、urse of action providesacceptable protection of human health, public safety, andwelfare.3.1.18 conditional expedited use, na timely approval (thatis, between 2 weeks and 90 days) for a proposed beneficial use.See Appendix X2 for a discussion of the conditional expediteduse process and guidance on fi
47、lling out Form 2 ConditionalExpedited Use, and Appendix X4 for Form 2 that an Environ-mental Professional uses to identify an acceptable conditionalexpedited use. See 7.2.2 for additional information.3.1.19 construction for example, human chemi-cal exposure below an OSHA threshold limit value or US
48、EPAconcentration limit for water discharge to a river. See Appen-dix X5 for a listing of chemical concentrations in bare, surfacesoil considered acceptable for two types of recreational activi-ties; generally, concentrations lower than those listed areconsidered de minimis. Also de minimis are conce
49、ntrations ofpollutants beneath a generic cover or cap that provide a barrierto exposure. Note that a concentration limit for water dischargeto a river may not be acceptable with respect to direct humancontact; the user or Environmental Professional using thisguide does not identify as acceptable, activities for anythingother than land-based uses.3.1.22 development, nact of taking a greenfield or restor-ing a waste / chemically impacted site and providing livingspace, recreational space, nature preserves, commercial / em-ployment opportunities, agricultur
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