1、Designation: E3048 16 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermination of Time to Burn-Through Using theIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL) Radiant Panel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、 oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response test method assesses the respons
3、eof materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels ofheat flux with an external igniter.1.2 The fire-test-response characteristics determined by thistest method include the ignitability and time to burn-through ofmaterials, products, and assemblies under well ventilatedconditions.1.3 Heat,
4、 smoke, and mass loss rate are not within the scopeof this test method, but are addressed by Test Method E1623.1.3.1 This test method uses the same burner as that de-scribed in Test Method E1623. Two burner types are described(Burner A and Burner B).1.4 Specimens are exposed to a constant heat flux
5、up to 50kW/m2in a vertical orientation. Hot wires are used to ignite thecombustible vapors from the specimen.1.5 This test method has been developed for evaluations,design, or research and development of materials, products, orassemblies, or for code compliance. The specimen shall betested in thickn
6、esses and configurations representative of actualend product or system uses.1.6 Limitations of the test method are listed in 5.7.1.7 This test method is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself
7、 incorporateall factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.9 The values stated in
8、 SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
9、 limitations prior to use. Specific informa-tion about hazards is given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE906/E906M Test Method for Heat
10、and Visible SmokeRelease Rates for Materials and Products Using a Ther-mopile MethodE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials, Products, a
11、nd Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology E176.3.1.2 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface per unit area,per unit time (see also initial test heat flux).3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe hea
12、t flux from an energy source,such as a radiant heater, can be measured at the initiation of atest (such as Test Method E1354, E1623,orE906/E906M) andthen reported as the incident heat flux, with the understandingthat the burning of the test specimen can generate additionalheat flux to the specimen s
13、urface. The heat flux can also bemeasured at any time during a fire test, for example asdescribed in Guide E603, on any surface, and with measure-ment devices responding to radiative and convective fluxes.Typical units are kW/m2, kJ/(s m2), W/cm2, or BTU/(s ft2).1This test method is under the jurisd
14、iction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2016. Published January 2017. DOI: 10.1520/E3048-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
15、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard
16、was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.3 init
17、ial test heat flux, nthe heat flux set on the testapparatus at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux).3.1.4 orientation, nthe plane in which the exposed face ofthe specimen is located during testing.3.1.5 time to sustained flaming, nperiod of time from startof test to commencement of the fi
18、rst period of flaming lastinglong enough to qualify as sustained flaming (see sustainedflaming).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 burn-through, noccurrence of sustained flaming onthe unexposed side of the test specimen.3.2.2 ignitability, nthe propensity to ignition, as measur
19、edby the time to sustained flaming, in seconds, at a specified heatflux.3.2.3 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame on or overthe specimen surface for periods of at least 5 s.3.2.3.1 DiscussionFlaming of less than 5 s duration isidentified as flashing or transitory flaming.3.2.4 time to burn-throug
20、h, ntime elapsed from the start ofthe test until burn-through, in seconds.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This is a test method designed to measure the time toburn-through (that is, the time to sustained flaming on theunexposed side) of a 1 m2specimen in a vertical orientation.The specimen is exposed o
21、n one side to a uniform heat fluxfrom a gas fired radiant panel of up to 50 kW/m2. Tests areconducted with piloted ignition. Piloted ignition results fromapplying wire igniters at the top and bottom of the testspecimen.4.2 Other measurements can be obtained such as time tosustained flaming on the ex
22、posed side, surface temperature,and the specimens interior temperatures at the users discre-tion.4.3 Each specimen shall be exposed to a uniform heat fluxon the exposed face using a radiant panel configurationdescribed in Test Method E1623 with a heat flux of 50 kW/m2.The time to burn-through shall
23、be recorded for each specimen.Due to potential edge effects introduced by the specimenholder, where surface flames curl around the specimen edges,or heat transfer from the return edges of the metal holder ishigher than in the field of the specimen, flaming within 127mm (5 in.) of the edges of the un
24、exposed specimen shall beallowed (not considered burn-through). These flames can beextinguished using a suitable means that will not affect the fieldof the unexposed surface of the specimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the timeto burn-through and the tim
25、e to ignition of materials, products,and assemblies.5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of anassembly shall be included in a specimen when these detailsare part of normal design.5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use products nothaving an ideally planar external surface. The h
26、eat flux shall beadjusted to be that which is desired at the average distance ofthe surface from the radiant panel.5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one ormore specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions arech
27、anged, it is not always possible by or from this test to predictchanges in the fire-test-response characteristics measured.Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposureconditions described in this procedure.5.5 Representative materials and thicknesses shall be in-cluded in a speci
28、men when these details are part of normaldesign.5.6 This method can also be used for research and develop-ment of various material types to be included in larger-scalefire test assemblies (for example, Test Methods E119).5.7 Test Limitations:5.7.1 The test results have limited validity if: (a) thesp
29、ecimen melts sufficiently to overflow the drip tray, or (b)explosive spalling occurs.5.7.2 Report observations of specimens that sag, deform, ordelaminate.6. Apparatus6.1 GeneralTwo burner designs are permitted (Burner Aor Burner B). See Test Method E1623 Section 6 Apparatus fora description of the
30、radiant panel system.6.2 Although heat and smoke release rates are not measuredfor this procedure, combustion products shall be collected andexhausted for laboratory safety purposes. Construct the exhaustcollection system as described in Test Method E1623 exceptfor the instrumentation.6.2.1 Ensure t
31、hat the system for exhausting smoke (whichincludes gaseous combustion products) is designed in such away that the combustion products leaving the burning speci-men are exhausted.6.3 Thermocouples(not required - optional - see AnnexA1):6.3.1 Specimen temperature measurements are optional. Ifspecimen
32、temperatures are measured, all thermocouples shallcomply with Annex A1.6.4 Heat Flux MeterThe total heat flux meter shall be ofthe Gardon (foil) or Schmidt-Boelter (thermopile) type3, with adesign range of about 50 kW/m2. The target receivingradiation, and possibly to a small extent convection, shal
33、l beflat, circular, approximately 12.5 mm in diameter, and coatedwith a durable matt-black finish. The target shall be watercooled. Radiation shall not pass through any window beforereaching the target. The instrument shall be robust, simple toset up and use, and stable in calibration. The instrumen
34、t shallhave an accuracy of within 63 % and a repeatability of within60.5 %.3These apparatus have been found satisfactory for this purpose.E3048 1627. Hazards7.1 The test procedures involve high temperatures andcombustion processes. Therefore the potential exists for burns,ignition of extraneous obje
35、cts or clothing, and for inhalation ofcombustion products. The operator shall use protective glovesand clothes while removing the specimen shield and whilemoving the specimen trolley toward or away from the radiantpanels. The construction of a viewing wall with windows isrecommended for laboratories
36、 with small spaces where theoperator and viewers cannot move far enough away from thearea of the radiant panel.7.2 The water cooled shield placed in front of the radiantpanel assembly dramatically lowers the heating of the labora-tory space and lowers the potential for harm to operatorsworking in th
37、e area.8. Test Specimens8.1 Size and Preparation:8.1.1 Test specimens dimensions shall be 1000 by1000 mm and up to 152 mm in thickness. Use the specimenholder as described in Test Method E1623. If specimens ofthickness greater than 152 mm are to be tested, a specimenholder shall be constructed to ac
38、commodate the desired speci-men thickness. They shall be representative of the constructionof the end-use product.Test materials and assemblies of normalthickness, 152 mm or less, using their full thickness.8.1.2 If a product is designed to normally have joints in afield application, then that speci
39、men shall incorporate the jointdetail. Center the joint in the specimens vertical or horizontalcenterline as appropriate.Also test the specimen without a jointdetail if the design does not include a joint.8.1.3 Cover the edges of the specimen with 12 mm ceramicwool blanket to eliminate the gap betwe
40、en the holder and thespecimen.8.2 ConditioningThe test specimen shall be conditionedto a constant weight at a temperature of 23 6 2.8 C (73.4 65 F) and at a relative humidity of 50 6 5%.9. Calibration9.1 Use calibrated instruments. The instruments required tobe calibrated or verified include the inf
41、rared pyrometer, heatflux meter, computerized data acquisition system, and thermo-couples.9.2 Heat Flux/Distance Relationship:9.2.1 Ignite the radiant panel and allow it to come toequilibrium as indicated by its constant heat flux and surfacetemperature.9.2.1.1 Use the calibration panel specimen des
42、cribed in TestMethod E1623.9.2.2 Generate a curve of average heat flux measurementsover the calibration panel surface versus distance from theradiant panel. Place the calibration panel in the same positionas a specimen and insert the flux meter from the unexposedface through the holes. The target fa
43、ce of the flux meter shallextend 15 mm toward the radiant panel from the exposedsurface of the calibration panel to minimize the convective heattransfer contribution. After the heat flux has come toequilibrium, make the heat flux measurements with the targetface of the heat flux meter at the followi
44、ng distance away fromthe radiant panel: 300, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 2000 mm. Iflower heat fluxes than the one corresponding toa2mdistanceare used, continue calibrating until past the needed distance.9.2.3 No individual heat flux measurement shall deviatefrom the average at each of the distances by
45、 more than 66%.The average heat flux measurements in the bottom row of thecalibration panel shall not deviate from that in any of the heatflux values used by more than 65%.9.2.4 Use the curve generated in 9.2.2 to determine thedistance from the radiant panel for a desired radiant heat fluxexposure.9
46、.2.5 Perform calibration every three months or more fre-quently if any significant changes to equipment are made or ifcalibration is suspect. Check the calibration at the desiredtarget heat flux the day of the test.9.3 Heat Flux MeterCheck the calibration of the heat fluxmeter whenever a recalibrati
47、on of the apparatus is carried outby comparison with an instrument (of the same type as theworking heat flux meter and of similar range) held as areference standard and not used for any other purpose. Fullycalibrate the reference standard at a standardizing laboratory atyearly intervals.10. Procedur
48、e10.1 Preparation:10.1.1 Open the water valve to the steel tubing that supportthe radiant panel and adjust the water flow sufficiently highsuch that water exiting the frame will not exceed 100 C intemperature.10.1.2 Position the specimen holder assembly remote to thedesired test location.10.1.3 Plac
49、e the water cooled shield in front of the radiantpanel assembly and adjust the water flow sufficiently high suchthat water exiting the shield will not exceed 100 C intemperature.10.1.4 Turn on the flow of gas to each of the radiant panelsand ignite them.10.1.5 Allow the burners to operate for 30 min prior totesting.10.1.6 Adjust the water flow to the frame and shield asrequired in 10.1.1 and 10.1.3.10.1.7 Turn on all sampling and recording devices.10.1.8 Insert the specimen into the specimen holder. Placethe specimen in the specimen holder by removing the topspe
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