1、Designation: E3070 16Standard Test Method forShear Thinning Index on Non-Newtonian Liquids Using aConcentric Cylinder Rotational Viscometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3070; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the determination of theshear thinning index of a shear-rate de
3、pendent (non-Newtonian) fluid using a cylindrical rotational viscometer. Avalue of the shear thinning index of unity indicates that thematerial is Newtonian in behavior. A value greater than unityindicates shear thinning behavior.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No ot
4、her units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
5、of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-ologyE1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical PropertiesE2975 Test Method for Calibration of Concentric CylinderRotational Viscometers3. Terminology3.1 Definiti
6、onsSpecific technical terms used in this stan-dard method are described in Terminologies E473 and E1142including Celsius, non-Newtonian, rheometery, viscosity, andviscometer.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 shear thinning, na decrease in viscosity with in-creasing shear rate,
7、 followed by a gradual recovery when thestress or shear rate is reduced to zero.3.2.2 shear thinning index, nthe ratio of apparent viscos-ity at two rotational speeds or shear rates.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 For Newtonian fluids, viscosity is a linear function ofshear rate. Non-Newtonian fluids a
8、re those for which theviscosity changes as a function of shear rate. Many materials ofinterest are non-Newtonian in behavior.4.2 The viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid is measured atdifferent shear rates and the values compared as their ratio.This is known as the shear thinning index. For Newtonianf
9、luids the shear thinning ratio is unity. For non-Newtonianfluids the shear thinning ratio increases with increasing non-Newtonian nature.4.3 The shear thinning index of non-Newtonian fluids isdetermined by the ratio of viscosity measurements made at tworotational speeds, preferably a decade apart.5.
10、 Significance and Use5.1 The flow behavior of many fluids of interest is non-Newtonian in nature. Non-Newtonian behavior is best studiedusing rheometry apparatus. Nonetheless, estimations on non-Newtonian behavior may be made by recording viscosity atdiffering rotational speeds (or shear rates) usin
11、g rotationalviscometers.5.2 The shear thinning index provides a tool for the estima-tion of the amount of non-Newtonian behavior.5.3 The shear thinning index may be used in qualityassessment, trouble shooting, specification acceptance, andresearch.6. Apparatus6.1 Rotational ViscometerThe essential i
12、nstrumentationrequired providing the minimum rotational viscometer analyti-cal capabilities include:6.1.1 A drive motor, to apply a unidirectional rotationaldisplacement to the specimen at 5 or more rates of between 0.2r/min and 100 r/min constant to within 61%.6.1.2 A force sensor to measure the to
13、rque developed by thespecimen to with 61%.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E37 on ThermalMeasurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.08 on Rheol-ogy.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. DOI:10.1520/E3070-16.2For referenced
14、ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consho
15、hocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.1.3 A coupling shaft or other means to transmit therotational displacement from the motor to the rotational ele-ment.6.1.4 A spindle, geometry, tool, or rotational element to fixthe specimen between the coupling shaft and a stationaryposition.6.1.5 A specimen c
16、ontainer with the capacity to contain thetest specimen during testing.NOTE 1The size of the container used is determined by the size anddesign of the rotational element used. The container used may be specifiedby mutual agreement among the parties involved. In the absence of otherinformation, a low
17、form Griffin beaker of 600 mL capacity shall be used.6.1.6 A temperature sensor to provide an indication of thespecimen temperature over the range of 19C to 26C to within60.1C.NOTE 2Other temperature ranges may be used but shall be reported.6.1.7 A data collection device, to provide a means ofacquir
18、ing, storing, and displaying measured or calculatedsignals, or both. The minimum output signals required forrotational viscosity are torque, rotational speed, temperature,and time.NOTE 3Manual acquiring, storing, and displaying of measured orcalculated signals is permitted.6.1.8 A stand, to support,
19、 level, and raise the drive motor,shaft, and spindle.6.1.9 Auxiliary instrumentation considered useful in con-ducting this test method includes:6.1.9.1 Data analysis capability to provide viscosity, stress,or other useful quantities derived from measured signals.6.1.9.2 A level to indicate the verti
20、cal plumb of the drivemotor, shaft, and spindle.6.1.9.3 A guard to protect the spindle from mechanicaldamage.6.2 A temperature bath to provide a controlled isothermaltemperature environment for the specimen to within 60.01Cover the temperature range of 19C to 26C.NOTE 4Other temperatures may be used
21、 but shall be reported.7. Preparation and Calibration of Apparatus7.1 Perform any viscometer preparation or calibration pro-cedures described in the operations manual.7.2 If not previously performed, verify the calibration of theviscosity signal using Test Method E2975.8. Procedure8.1 Select a rotat
22、ional viscometer and spindle suited to theviscosity range of the test material such that the spindleoperating at its maximum rotational speed results in a torquereading near full scale torque.8.2 Install the viscometer as described in the operationsmanual.8.3 Pour a sufficient quantity of the test s
23、pecimen into thecontainer to cover the immersed spindle to the level indicatedby the operations manual.8.4 Slowly immerse the spindle into the test specimen to thedepth recommended by the operations manual.8.5 Equilibrate the test specimen and container until itstemperature rate of change is less th
24、an 0.1C in 10 min.8.6 Start the viscometer motor at the 0.2 r/min. Increase thespeed until the torque reading is a minimum but greater than10 % full scale. Maintain this speed for 60 6 2 s. Record therotational speed and the torque according to the operationsmanual.8.7 Without stopping the motor, in
25、crease the rotationalspeed by approximately 50 % and maintain this speed for 60 62 s. Record the rotational speed and torque.8.8 Repeat step 8.7 until the maximum readable torque (upto 100 % full scale) is achieved.8.9 Decrease the rotational speed by approximately 70 %and maintain this speed for 60
26、 6 2 s. Record the rotationalspeed and the torque.NOTE 5The same rotational speeds shall be used when increasing anddecreasing speeds.8.10 Repeat step 8.9 until the torque reading falls below 15%.8.11 Using the rotational speed and torque data from steps8.6 to 8.10, prepare a display of rotational s
27、peed on the X-axisversus torque (or viscosity) on the Y-axis. A non-linear displayindicates the shear-rate dependency of the materials.8.12 Determine the shear thinning index from the torquevalues at any two rotational speeds using Eq 1. Report thisvalue and the rotational speeds.NOTE 6Rotational sp
28、eeds that differ by an order of magnitude arecommonly selected (for example, 2 and 20 r/min). The rotational speed forthe measurement of shear thinning index shall be selected by agreementamong the parties involved.9. Calculation9.1 Shear thinning index (STI) is given by Eq 1:STI 5 lowerhigherat low
29、erand higher(1)where:STI = shear thinning index (dimensionless),lower= apparent viscosity at the lower rotational speed,higher= apparent viscosity at the higher rotational speed,lower= lower rotational speed, andhigher= higher rotational speed.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 C
30、omplete identification of the test specimen.10.1.2 Complete identification of the rotational viscometerto including manufacturer, model, and spindle identification.10.1.3 Any conditioning procedure employed in preparationof the test specimen for testing.10.1.4 Time elapsed between various operations
31、 in prepara-tion of the test specimen and between spindle immersion andthe start of the test.10.1.5 The shear thinning index at two different rotationspeeds. For example:E3070 162STI2 and 20 r min! 5 80 mPa-s20 mPa-s 5 4 (2)10.1.6 The temperature at which the measurement wasmade.10.1.7 The dated ver
32、sion of this test method used.11. Precision and Bias11.1 An interlaboratory study is planned between 2018 and2021 to establish within-laboratory repeatability, between-laboratory reproducibility, and bias.Anyone wishing to partici-pate in this interlaboratory study may contact the ASTM E37Staff Mana
33、ger at ASTM Headquarters.11.2 Precision:11.2.1 A limited repeatability study was performed in 2015using a single non-Newtonian fluid in a single laboratory. Theresults of this study is reported in a research report.3Therepeatability standard deviation of this intralaboratory studywas 1.4 %.11.2.2 Wi
34、thin laboratory variability may be described usingthe repeatability value (r) obtained by multiplying the standarddeviation by 2.8. The repeatability value estimates the 95 %confidence limit. That is, two values obtained in the samelaboratory, using the same apparatus, on the same specimen,closely s
35、paced in time have a 95 % probability of being withinthe repeatability value of each other.11.3 Bias:11.3.1 Bias is the difference between the determined valueand that of the known value for a materials.11.3.2 There are no reference materials of established shearthinning index known to the committee
36、 at this time. Bias of thismethod is therefore unknown.12. Keywords12.1 apparent viscosity; rotational viscometer; rotationalviscosity; shear thinning index; viscosityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin th
37、is standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must b
38、e reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theres
39、ponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, W
40、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission ri
41、ghts to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:E37-1048. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.E3070 163
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