1、Designation: E3075 16Standard Test Method forWater Immersion and Drying for Evaluation of FloodDamage Resistance1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3075; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe performance of construction materials during flood events is an item of importance for propertyowners and communi
3、ties, especially those located in flood-prone areas. Requirements for the use offlood-resistant building materials in flood hazard areas can be found in the US model codes, standards,and guidelines pertaining to flood resistant design and construction. To promote uniformity inevaluation of building
4、material response to flooding, this test method prescribes standard conditionsfor water immersion, subsequent drying, and cleaning such as occur during flood events. Otherdeleterious effects of floods that are outside the scope of this test method include, but are not limitedto, debris impact, flood
5、 velocity, wave action, water pressure differential, scour, erosion, biological andchemical contaminants in floodwater, and other factors including long-term occupant health impactsthat would be adverse to continued use of the structure.1. Scope1.1 This test method is intended to apply to buildingma
6、terials used in construction below the base flood elevation(BFE) including, but not limited to: individual building mate-rials and composite assemblies of building materials thatconstitute permanent integral parts of a finished buildingincluding walls, floors, ceilings, stairways, built-in partition
7、s,finishes, cladding, and other similarly incorporated architec-tural and structural items.1.2 Requirements for evaluation of other hazards associatedwith flood damage including, but not limited to: debris impact,flood velocity, wave action, water pressure differential, scour,erosion, biological and
8、 chemical contaminants in floodwater,and other factors that would be adverse to continued use of thestructure for its intended purpose including long-term occupanthealth impacts are outside of the scope of the methodspresented herein.1.3 The water immersion, drying, and cleaning proceduresspecified
9、in this test method establishes standard conditions forlaboratory evaluation of test specimen response to waterimmersion, subsequent drying, and cleaning. The results ofthese tests are one factor in assessing the characteristics ofbuilding materials with regard to water immersion, drying, andability
10、 to be cleaned.Application of these test results to predictthese characteristics for actual building construction requiresthe evaluation of test conditions as compared to conditions ofend-use.1.4 The water immersion and drying procedures shall not beconstrued as representative of water makeup, durat
11、ion ofimmersion, or conditions of drying during an actual flood eventbecause actual flood conditions vary with such factors asmakeup of water, depth and duration of immersion, andambient temperature and humidity.1.5 The cleaning procedures specified in this test method areintended to simulate surfac
12、e cleaning that normally occurs afterflooding.1.6 The cleaning procedures specified in this test methodshall not be construed as superseding standards or manufac-turers recommended methods for cleaning and restorationafter flooding.1.7 A commentary to this test method is provided inAppendix X1.1.8 T
13、he values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associate
14、d with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the d
15、irect responsibility of Subcommittee E06.25on Whole Buildings and Facilities.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published December 2016. DOI:10.1520/E3075-16.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standa
16、rd was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organiziation Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12. Ref
17、erenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard:2D7789 Practice for Collection of Fungal Material fromSurfaces by Swab2.2 Federal Standard:344 CFR Part 60.3 Flood plain management criteria forflood-prone areas2.3 Other Standards:ANSI/IICRC S500 Standard and Reference Guide for Pro-fessional Water Damage Restorat
18、ion4International Plumbing Code53. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 base flood elevation (BFE), nthe height of the base(1-percent annual chance or 100-year) flood in relation to aspecified datum, usually the National Geodetic Vertical Datumof 1929, or the North Ame
19、rican Vertical Datum of 1988.3.1.2 potable tap water, nfiltered tap water conforming tothe bacteriological and chemical quality requirements of thePublic Health Service Drinking Water Standards or the regu-lations of the public health authority having jurisdiction.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The pr
20、ocedures described in this test method are used toevaluate the response of building materials noted in 1.1 whensubjected to water immersion, subsequent drying, and clean-ing.4.1.1 This test method exposes test specimens to waterimmersion followed by a drying period and surface cleaning.4.1.2 Test sp
21、ecimen orientation is consistent with orienta-tion of the test specimen building material(s) in end use. Forexample, a test specimen simulating wall assembly construc-tion is immersed in a vertical orientation, while a test specimensimulating floor/ceiling assembly construction is immersed in ahoriz
22、ontal orientation.4.1.3 The cleaning specifications are intended to simulatesurface cleaning that normally occurs after flooding.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method establishes water immersion, drying,and cleaning procedures to be used when determining whetherbuilding materials noted in 1.1
23、are flood damage resistant forapplications that comply with the National Flood InsuranceProgram (NFIP) 44 CFR 60.3(a)(3).5.2 This test method exposes the test specimen to waterimmersion and drying conditions to simulate the effects ofwetting and subsequent drying that occurs with a flood event.The w
24、etting and drying exposure is followed by surfacecleaning. This test method provides a measure of how testspecimens may respond to water immersion, subsequentdrying, and cleaning that occur with flood events.5.3 This test method is useful for determining water absorp-tion characteristics of differen
25、t test specimens in terms ofpercent increase in test specimen weight, their drying charac-teristics in terms of elapsed time to dry to equilibrium weight,and changes in physical appearance following water immersionand surface cleaning.5.4 This test method is useful in comparing the waterabsorption c
26、haracteristics of different test specimens, theirdrying characteristics, and changes in physical appearancefollowing water immersion and surface cleaning. This testmethod is also useful in comparing test specimen physicaldimensions before water immersion, immediately followingremoval from water imme
27、rsion, after drying, and after clean-ing.5.5 The ability to directly compare test results will vary bymany factors including test specimen size and whether testspecimens are individual building materials or compositeassemblies of building materials.6. Test Specimens6.1 The test specimens shall be id
28、entified as fully aspossible by including the building materials and details ofconstruction, method of fabrication, and other pertinent detailsthat potentially affect the response to water immersion, drying,and cleaning.NOTE 1Test specimens can vary in size and makeup depending on thepurpose of the
29、testing. Where the purpose of testing is to evaluate theresponse of a particular building material to exposures in this test method,test specimen can consist solely of the building material of interest. Suchtest specimens enable evaluation of the building material alone withoutinfluence by water abs
30、orption, drying, and dimensional change character-istics of other building materials that are used in test specimens consistingof a composite assembly of building materials. Where the purpose oftesting is to evaluate the response of a composite assembly of buildingmaterials to exposures in this test
31、 method to more closely addressconditions representative of end use, test specimens can consist of acomposite assembly of building materials as used such as occur in wall orfloor/ceiling assembly construction.6.2 Where applicable based on the purpose of testing, testspecimens shall include joints, f
32、asteners, adhesives, and othermaterials as appropriate to the end-use.6.3 Before water immersion, test specimens shall be condi-tioned in a controlled environment at 75 6 5F(246 3 C)and 50 6 5 % relative humidity (RH) until the equilibriumweight for the test specimen is achieved. Periodic weighingsh
33、all be used to make a determination regarding whetherequilibrium weight is achieved.6.3.1 The equilibrium weight, Winitial, shall be determinedbefore water immersion.NOTE 2In practice, RH control is not exact and fluctuations occurduring the conditioning period. Since change in weight because of RHf
34、luctuation is usually small relative to the total change that a test specimenwill experience, a steady increase or decrease in mass will generally occurduring most of the conditioning period. As the test specimen approaches2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orconta
35、ct ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Publishing Office, 732 N. Capitol St., NW,Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.4Available f
36、rom Institute of Inspection Cleaning and Restoration Certification(IICRC), 4043 South Eastern Avenue, Las Vegas, NV 89119, http:/www.iicrc.org.5Available from, and a registered trademark of, International Code Council(ICC), 500 New Jersey Ave., NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, http:/www.iccsafe.
37、org.E3075 162equilibrium weight, weight change associated with fluctuations in RH willcause a change in the direction of weight change, which is a sign thatequilibrium weight has been reached. The reversal of direction of weightchange can be used for equilibrium weight determination. A minimum ofthr
38、ee results confirming the reversal is recommended.7. Water Specifications7.1 Water shall be filtered potable tap water at 75 6 5F(24 6 3 C) having a pH within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 andgreater than 95 % of chlorine and fluorides removed withsewage surrogate, mold surrogates, and nutrients added in
39、thequantities specified as follows:7.1.1 Sewage Surrogate1066 0.05 106MPN/LEscheri-chia coli;7.1.2 Mold Surrogates1066 0.05 106cfu/L Penicilliumbrevicompactum, 1066 0.05 106cfu/L Aureobasidiumpullulans, and 1066 0.05 106cfu/L Eurotium herbariorum;and7.1.3 Nutrients0.1 % (weight/volume) potato dextro
40、seextract.7.2 In this test method, references to water in which testspecimens are immersed indicates use of water in accordancewith specifications in 7.1.8. Procedure8.1 Water ImmersionImmerse test specimens in water inaccordance with specifications in 7.1 to the level specified in8.1.2 for a period
41、 of not less than 72 h nor more than 80 h.8.1.1 ApparatusA corrosion resistant tub or container,clean and free of debris, shall be used for soaking testspecimens and shall be of adequate size to accommodate waterimmersion of test specimens as required in this test method.8.1.2 Test Specimen Orientat
42、ion:8.1.2.1 Where end-use is in a vertical orientation (forexample, a wall assembly specimen), immerse test specimensto 50 6 10 % of the height of the specimen.8.1.2.2 Where end-use is in a horizontal orientation (forexample, a floor or ceiling assembly specimen), immerse suchthat no portion of the
43、test specimen is less than 1 in. (25 mm)below the surface of the water.8.1.3 The test specimens shall be placed on supports capableof supporting the test specimens off the bottom of the waterbath while submerged to the specified depth. For test speci-mens that may otherwise float, weights or other m
44、ethods ofkeeping test specimens submerged to the specified depth shallbe used.8.2 Water AbsorptionCompute water absorption as a per-cent increase over the initial pre-immersion test specimenweight as:WA 5Wwet2 WinitialWinitial3100 (1)where:WA = Percent increase in test specimen weight due towater im
45、mersion;Wwet= Weight of wet test specimen measured within 1 hafter removal from water immersion, g; andWinitial= Equilibrium weight of test specimen before waterimmersion, g.NOTE 3The weight increase after water immersion can be determinedby subtracting Winitialfrom Wwet. When other characterization
46、s of waterabsorption are reported, such as ratio of weight increase to the dry volumeof the test specimen, it is important to describe the basis for determinationof volume of the test specimen. The description should include factorssuch as whether the test specimen volume is based only on solid port
47、ionsof materials making up the test specimen, whether dry volume is based onactual measured dry dimensions at equilibrium weight or specifiednominal dimensions for the test specimen under dry conditions.8.3 DryingRemove test specimens from the water mixtureand dry in a controlled environment at 75 6
48、 5F(246 3 C)and 50 6 5 % RH until the equilibrium weight of the testspecimen is achieved.8.3.1 Measure test specimen weight within1hofremovalof the test specimen from the water mixture and periodicallythereafter to determine when equilibrium weight, Wfinal,isachieved (see 6.3).8.4 The elapsed time t
49、o reach equilibrium weight afterremoval from water immersion, Wfinal, shall be recorded.8.5 CleaningClean the test specimens with generallyavailable, anti-bacterial soap and potable tap water and rinsewith potable tap water.NOTE 4Use of a microfiber cloth or non-metal wire scrub brush asapplicable for the test specimen has been shown to be sufficient to removethe presence of mold and bacteria contaminants introduced into the waterfrom exposed surfaces of the test specimen.8.6 Swabbing RequirementsAssess test specimens for sur-viving sewage and mold
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