1、Designation: E3082 17Standard Test Methods forDetermining the Effectiveness of Fire Retardant Treatmentsfor Natural Christmas Trees1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3082; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a two-steptesting process for determining the effectiven
3、ess of surfaceapplied treatments for natural Christmas trees to improve firetest response.1.2 The purpose of these test methods is to:1.2.1 Utilize a detached branch test (Method 1) to screenpotential surface-applied fire retardant products and to deter-mine their effectiveness in limiting the sprea
4、d of flame and thecontinuation of flaming by comparing the burning characteris-tics of treated and untreated small Christmas tree branchessubjected to a small open Bunsen-burner type flame ignitionsource, and1.2.2 Use whole natural Christmas trees (Method 2) todetermine the effectiveness of surface
5、applied fire retardantsfound to be effective in the detached branch test (Method 1)through comparison of heat release rate contribution of treatedtrees as compared to untreated trees when subjected to an openflame ignition source.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standar
6、d. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stand
7、ard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.6 The text of this standard referen
8、ces notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be consideredas requirements of the standard.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-izati
9、on established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E176 Terminology of Fire StandardsD1835 Specification f
10、or Liquefied Petroleum (LP) GasesD5025 Specification for Laboratory Burner Used for Small-Scale Burning Tests on Plastic MaterialsE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire Tests2.2 California Regulations:3California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Chapter 8, Article3 Registra
11、tion and Labeling of Chemicals2.3 NFPA Standards:4NFPA 1 Fire CodeNFPA 289 Standard Method of Fire Test for Individual FuelPackages2.4 UL Standards:5UL 1975 Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Usedfor Decorative PurposesUL 2358 Outline for Fire Tests of Pre-lit Artificial SeasonalUse Tress a
12、nd Other Seasonal Decorative Items2.5 Gas Processors Association Standard:6GPA 2140 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications and TestMethod1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.15 on Furnishingsand Co
13、ntents.Current edition approved July 1, 2017. Published August 2017. DOI: 10.1520/E3082-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Su
14、mmary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from State of California Department of Industrial Relations.4Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.5Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,WA
15、 98607-8542, http:/.6Available from Gas Processors Association (GPA), 66 American Plaza, Suite700, Tulsa, OK 74135, http:/www.gpaglobal.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in ac
16、cordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Terminology3.1 Definitions
17、For definitions of terms used in these testmethods refer to Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 distal endthe apex or tip of the tree branch.3.2.2 Christmas treesfor the purpose of this standard,anatural tree product intended to be decorated or displayed in aman
18、ner associated with the Christmas, or other holiday seasonof the year.4. Significance and Use4.1 In past research experiments, some surface applied fireretardant chemicals improved the fire performance character-istics of natural Christmas trees, whereas other retardants werenot effective, or advers
19、ely affected tree quality or burningcharacteristics. These methods are intended to provide atwo-step process to determine the effectiveness of surfaceapplied treatments to natural Christmas trees.4.2 The fire performance of natural trees is highly variableand varies from species to species. Test res
20、ults from thesemethods do not intend to provide data for judgment on theabsolute fire performance of any natural or treated natural tree,but rather provide a means for comparing the fire performanceof treated versus untreated trees.4.3 These test methods do not take into account the influ-ence of de
21、corations that are added to the tree.4.4 For Test Method 1, only Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh)Poi. trees are tested. Although this is one of the mostcommonly used Christmas trees in the United States, it ispossible that results for other tree species will differ from theresults for this species.4
22、.5 For Test Method 2, Large Scale Fire Test, it is importantthat the treated and untreated tree specimens be evaluatedconsistently and as simultaneously as possible for adequatecomparative results.4.6 The performance of the treatment will vary dependingon the uniformity of the application of the tre
23、atment. Thisquality of application is not determined by these test methods.Method 1 Small Scale Detached Branch Fire Tests5. Test Method5.1 Test SpecimensFor each test, specimen branches shallbe selected from five 8 to 15 ft (2.4 to 4.6 m) tall non-shearedFraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. trees
24、 grown at a singlelocation, during November or December. Trees shall behealthy, with no visible pest or disease problems. Branchesshall have no cones nor evidence that cones were present. Nine2-year-old specimen branches, each 18 to 24 in. (457 to 610mm) long, and of similar diameter and foliage den
25、sity, shall becut from the distal ends of branches in the upper half of eachtree specimen (Fig. 1). Bundle together branches from eachtree, labeled to indicate the tree (1 to 5) they were harvestedfrom, and place them ina4to5gal(15to19L)plastic bucketcontaining sufficient water to cover the bases of
26、 the branchesfor transport to the conditioning room.5.2 Assignment of Branches to Specific TreatmentsGiventhat moisture content is the single most important factorrelating to the flammability of conifer foliage, conduct thesmall scale branch fire test 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatmentof branches
27、 to ensure that potential fire retardants are effectiveover a range of moisture contents. Assign a single branch fromeach tree randomly to each of the 8 treatment groups (Table 1and 2). Place a small aluminum or paper tag on each branch,and label it with the assigned treatment codes. The use ofcolor
28、-coded tags, one color for each burn test schedule numberwill make it easier to identify groups of branches that need tobe removed from the racks on any given testing date. Use the9th branch from each tree to determine the initial moisturecontent of the specimens upon arrival of the branches at thec
29、onditioning room.5.3 ConditioningAll specimen branches shall be stored inracks or hung from a wire in a lighted room maintained at68 6 5C (20 6 3C) and at a relative humidity of 45 6 5%(Fig. 2). Branches shall be spaced far enough apart so that theyare not touching each other to promote uniform dryi
30、ng and tofacilitate making assessments of the effects of the fire retardantor needle retention and quality. (See Note 1).NOTE 1If cone containers are used, it is recommended that they bespaced further apart than in the photo in Fig. 2.FIG. 1 Example of Open-grown Tree with a Circled Typical 2-yr-old
31、 Distal Branch SpecimenTABLE 1 Fire Test ScheduleNumber of BranchesFire TestScheduleNumberDays ofConditioningafter TreatmentNon-treatedControl (NTC)Treated (T)1 1 day 5 52 7 days 5 53 14 days 5 54 21 days 5 5E3082 1725.4 Moisture ContentThe percent moisture content (MC)of each branch shall be determ
32、ined as described in 5.4.1 justprior to the fire test. Determine the moisture content ofspecimens from a single branch from each tree as soon asfeasible after arrival at the conditioning room to determine theinitial MC of the branches (See Fig. 3).5.4.1 Moisture content shall be determined by weighi
33、ng acurrent-season shoot removed from each branch to the nearest0.1 g. Place each shoot in a labeled paper envelope, staple theenvelope closed, and dry all shoots for 3 days at 150 to 160F(65 to 71C). Determine the dry weight of each shoot byimmediately weighing the dried shoot after removal of thee
34、nvelope from the oven. The moisture content shall be calcu-lated as follows:MC 5 Masswet2 Massdry!Massdry! 3100 (1)where:Masswet= mass of the specimen before drying.Massdry= mass of the specimen after drying.5.5 Application of TreatmentThe treatment shall then beapplied to the 20 “T” labeled branch
35、specimens prior to set upin the conditioning room. Use colored flagging to tag all of thebranches at the time of labeling in order to make it easier toidentify the branches to be treated. The treatment shall beapplied at the manufacturers application rate and in accor-dance with the manufacturers ap
36、plication instructions. Fol-lowing treatment, all branches shall be stored in the condition-ing environment described in 5.2 until the fire test.5.6 BurnerA laboratory type burner having a tube with alength of 4 614 in. (102 6 6.4 mm) and an inside diameter of38 in. (9.5 mm). The barrel is not to be
37、 equipped with an end.The burner wing tip shall have a slit 2 in. (51 mm) in length by0.05 in. (1.3 mm) width, for the burner. The burner shall be incompliance with Specification D5025.5.7 Test ApparatusArrange the gas burner, box, racks,ruler, and test specimen under a fume hood as shown in Fig. 4.
38、5.8 Test Procedure:5.8.1 Prior to each fire test, note the condition of eachbranch to be tested (such as discoloration, accelerated needleloss, or the presence of stiff needles). If significant needle losshas occurred, the branch will no longer be suitable for use inthe fire test.5.8.2 Arrange the b
39、as burner such that the tip of the burneris34 in. (19 mm) below the level of the sheet metal box, withthe air supply off, and gas adjusted to give a luminous flame1-112 in. (38-mm) long.5.8.3 Within 30 min of taking the specimens from theconditioning environment, cuta6to8in.(152 to 203 mm)long curre
40、nt season shoot from the branch specimen (Fig. 4)and clip the specimen into the sliding rack so that the tip of thespecimen is touching the top surface of the sheet metal box.5.8.4 Slide the specimen to the test position over the flame.After a 12-s exposure, slide the specimen out of the flame.5.8.5
41、 If the specimen is flaming, wait until it hasextinguished, then move the specimen against the ruler.5.9 Data Report:5.9.1 Report the following:5.9.1.1 Date and location of specimen collections.5.9.1.2 Approximate age of trees (in years/months).5.9.1.3 Labeling system (see example in Table 2).5.9.1.
42、4 Temperature, relative humidity, and light level ofconditioning room.5.9.1.5 The condition of the branch prior to the flame test(note issues such as discoloration, accelerated needle loss, orstiff needles).5.9.1.6 Moisture content of each branch at the time oftesting (in %).5.9.1.7 Duration of flam
43、ing after removing from flame(after-flame, in seconds).5.9.1.8 If there was flame spread after removal of thespecimen from the flame and how far the flame spread (ininches).5.9.1.9 Total length of the test specimen (in inches).5.9.1.10 Flame spread length (in inches).5.9.1.11 A plot of the average m
44、oisture content versusaverage flaming time and average moisture content and aver-age percent of specimen flame spread from the test datacomparing treated and control specimens.5.9.1.12 A bar graph showing the number of “NTC” and“T” specimens that passed the fire tests (Section 6) at each testinterva
45、l.5.9.1.13 Photograph of specimen following the fire test.6. Conditions of Acceptance6.1 Specimens shall meet all of the criteria in 6.1 through6.6 in order to be considered to have passed the test.6.2 Specimens shall cease burning, without any additionalfire spread when the specimen is removed from
46、 the flame.FIG. 2 Example of Branches Displayed in Cone ContainersFIG. 3 A 2-year-old Branch Specimen with Arrows Showing a Pairof Current-Season Shoots to be used for Moisture Content andFire TestsE3082 1736.3 Specimens shall cease spreading flame after the speci-men is removed from the flame.6.4 S
47、pecimens shall spread flame not more than 1 in. (25mm) from the area in contact with the flame.6.5 Specimens shall have after-flaming that does not exceed10 s once the source of flame is removed.6.6 No treatment is permitted to induce obvious deteriora-tion in quality (such as discoloration and acce
48、lerated needleloss) when compared to the NTC.Method 2 Large Scale Fire Tests7. Test Methods7.1 Test SpecimensFor each treatment to be evaluated,two sets of two natural Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursch) Poirtrees of the same tree age, and shape are to be cut and selectedfor tests. Each tree shall be
49、approximately 6 to 7 ft (1.8 to 2.1m) tall.7.2 Conditioning and Treatment7.2.1 All tree are to be conditioned indoors at 70 6 5F(21 6 3C) and at a relative humidity of 50 6 5 %. The treesare to remain in the conditioning area for at least 2 weeks, andno more than 4 weeks, until ready to receive the fire retardanttreatment. During this pre-conditioning period, the trees shallbe well-watered (checked daily and water added as needed, butno less frequently than twice per week).7.2.2 Following the pre-conditioning, the treatment shall bea
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