ASTM E444-2007 Standard Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic Document Examiners《法院文献审查员的工作范围用标准指南》.pdf

1、Designation: E 444 07Standard Guide forScope of Work of Forensic Document Examiners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 444; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p

2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes, in general, the duties of forensicdocument examiners, also referred to as questioned documentexaminers, examiners of questi

3、oned documents, documentexaminers, or document analysts.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 2388 Guide for Minimum Training Requirements forForensic Document Examiners3. Job Description3.1 The forensic document examiner makes scientific ex-aminations, comparisons, and analyses of documents

4、in orderto: (1) establish genuineness or nongenuineness, or to exposeforgery, or to reveal alterations, additions, or deletions, (2)identify or eliminate persons as the source of handwriting, (3)identify or eliminate the source of typewriting or other impres-sion, marks, or relative evidence, and (4

5、) write reports or givetestimony, when needed, to aid the users of the examinersservices in understanding the examiners findings.4. General Duties4.1 Examiners in this field are sometimes known by theterm “handwriting experts.” Forensic document examinationincludes expertise in handwriting identific

6、ation. Handwritingincludes cursive or script style writing, handprinting, signa-tures, numerals, and other written marks or signs. Forensicdocument examination does not involve the employment ofcalligraphic or engrossing skills, nor does it involve a study ofhandwriting in an attempt to create a per

7、sonality profile orotherwise analyze or judge the writers personality or charac-ter.4.2 Questions about documents arise in business, finance,civil and criminal trials, or in any matter affected by theintegrity of written communications and records.4.2.1 Typical problems in this field are:4.2.1.1 The

8、 identification of handwriting and typewriting.4.2.1.2 The identification or elimination of the source of andthe output of other mechanical or electronic imaging devicessuch as printers, copying machines, facsimile equipment, andthe like.4.2.1.3 The identification or elimination of ink, paper, andwr

9、iting instruments.4.2.1.4 The establishment of the date, source, history, se-quence of preparation, alterations or additions to documents,and relationships of documents.4.2.2 Other problems are the decipherment and sometimesthe restoration, or both, of obscured, deleted, or damaged partsof documents

10、.4.2.3 The work often includes a study of the informationcarried by a document for discovery of evidence of spurious-ness, identification of persons, or to show significant relation-ships.4.2.4 Document examination also includes the recognitionand preservation of other relevant physical evidence tha

11、t maybe present on documents.4.3 Equipment used in forensic document examination in-cludes: microscopes and other optical aids; photographic andother imaging devices, a wide variety of imaging materialsadaptable for use with a variety of lighting methods, includingthose involving radiant energy in t

12、he ultraviolet, visible,infrared, and other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum; aswell as electrostatic or other devices for the detection, orvisualization, or both of indentations and other features presentin or on paper or similar substrata. Other analytical instrumen-tation may be used where

13、 appropriate.4.4 Questions about documents are answered through theapplication of knowledge, skill, experience, training, (GuideE 2388), or education specific to forensic document examina-tion as well as from a number of other fields, such as thephysical sciences, mathematics, language studies, and

14、the like.The field of interest includes manufacturing processes and thematerials that go into the production of documents, as well asthe methods, machines, instruments, and human agencies bywhich the parts of documents are formed or brought together.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Comm

15、ittee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on QuestionedDocuments.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E 44406.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websi

16、te, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United State

17、s.4.5 The results of examinations are reported for use by thejudiciary, administrative and executive officers, law enforce-ment agencies, boards, commissions, lawyers, and individuals.These results are often presented in the form of experttestimony, explaining the bases and reasons for the conclu-si

18、ons, which may be illustrated by the use of demonstrativeevidence.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any s

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21、a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E444072