1、Designation: E456 084An American National StandardStandard TerminologyRelating to Quality and Statistics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E456; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTENew terms were added and other terms corrected edito
3、rially in January 2009.2NOTENew terms were added and other terms corrected editorially in May 2010.3NOTENew terms were added and other terms corrected editorially in May 2011.4NOTENew terms were added and other terms corrected editorially in April 2012.1. Scope1.1 This standard is the general termin
4、ology standard forterms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Qualityand Statistics.1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to anE11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normativefor that term. Any changes in the term definition in thenormative standard will be edi
5、torially changed in this standard.Any terms added to an E11 standard will be editorially addedto this standard with an attribution to that standard.1.3 Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will benoted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considerednormative for any E11 terms.2. Refer
6、enced Documents2.1 ASTM E11 Standards with Terms in This Standard:2E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on theResults of Probability Sampling
7、E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE1169 Practice for Conducting Ruggedness TestsE1325 Terminology Relating to Des
8、ign of ExperimentsE1402 Guide for Sampling DesignE1488 Guide for Statistical Procedures to Use in Develop-ing and Applying Test MethodsE1994 Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL andLTPD Sampling PlansE2234 Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attri-butes Indexed by AQLE2281 Practice for
9、 Process and Measurement CapabilityIndicesE2282 Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test MethodE2334 Practice for Setting an Upper Confidence Bound Fora Fraction or Number of Non-Conforming items, or a Rateof Occurrence for Non-conformities, Using Attribute Data,When There is a Zero Response in
10、the SampleE2489 Practice for Statistical Analysis of One-Sample andTwo-Sample Interlaboratory Proficiency Testing ProgramsE2554 Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncer-tainty of Test Results of a Test Method in a SingleLaboratory Using a Control Sample ProgramE2555 Practice for Factors and
11、Procedures forApplying theMIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability InspectionE2586 Practice for Calculating and Using Basic StatisticsE2587 Practice for Use of Control Charts in StatisticalProcess Control1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E11 on Qualityand Statistics and i
12、s the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.70 on Editorial/Terminology.Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published June 2008. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E456 061. DOI:10.1520/E0456-08E04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www
13、.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E2655
14、Guide for Reporting Uncertainty of Test Results andUse of the Term Measurement Uncertainty in ASTM TestMethodsE2696 Practice for Life and Reliability Testing Based on theExponential DistributionE2709 Practice for Demonstrating Capability to Complywith an Acceptance ProcedureE2782 Guide for Measureme
15、nt Systems Analysis (MSA)2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 3534 Statistics-Vocabulary and SymbolsPart 2 Applied Statistics3. Terminologyacceptance quality limit (AQL), nquality limit that is theworst tolerable process average when a continuing series oflots is submitted for acceptance sampling. E2234accepted re
16、ference value, na value that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derivedas: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned or certified value, based onexperimental work of some national or international organi-zation, or (3) a consen
17、sus or certified value, based oncollaborative experimental work under the auspices of ascientific or engineering group. E177accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted reference value. E177aliases, nin a fractional factorial design, two or more effectswhich are estimat
18、ed by the same contrast and which,therefore, cannot be estimated separately. E1325area sampling, nprobability sampling in which a map,rather than a tabulation of sampling units, serves as thesampling frame. E1402assignable cause, nfactor that contributes to variation in aprocess or product output th
19、at is feasible to detect andidentify (see special cause). E2587attributes data, nobserved values or test results that indi-cate the presence or absence of specific characteristics orcounts of occurrences of events in time or space. E2587attributes, method of, nmeasurement of quality by themethod of
20、attributes consists of noting the presence (orabsence) of some characteristic or attribute in each of theunits in the group under consideration, and counting howmany units do (or do not) possess the quality attribute, orhow many such events occur in the unit, group, or area.E2334audit subsample, na
21、small subsample of a sample selectedfor review of all sample selection and data collectionprocedures. E141average outgoing quality (AOQ), nthe average percentdefective of outgoing product including all accepted lots orbatches, after any defective units found in them are replacedby acceptable units,
22、plus all lots or batches which are notaccepted after such lots or batches have been effectively100 % inspected and all defective units replaced by accept-able units. E1994average outgoing quality limit (AOQL), nthe maximum oftheAOQs for all possible incoming percentages defective forthe process, for
23、 a given acceptance sampling plan. E1994average quality protection, na type of protection in whichthere is prescribed some chosen value of average percentdefective in the product after inspection (average outgoingquality limit (AOQL), that shall not be exceeded in the longrun no matter what may be t
24、he level of percent defective inthe product submitted to the inspector. E1994average run length (ARL), nthe average number of timesthat a process will have been sampled and evaluated beforea shift in process level is signaled. E2587average standard deviation, s, narithmetic average ofsample standard
25、 deviations. E2281balanced incomplete block design (BIB), nan incompleteblock design in which each block contains the same numberk of different versions from the t versions of a singleprincipal factor arranged so that every pair of versionsoccurs together in the same number, l, of blocks from the bb
26、locks. E1325bias, nthe difference between the expectation of the testresults and an accepted reference value. E177bulk sampling, nsampling to prepare a portion of a mass ofmaterial that is representative of the whole. E1402c chart, ncontrol chart that monitors the count of occur-rences of an event i
27、n a defined increment of time or space.E2587calibration, nprocess of establishing a relationship betweena measurement device and a known standard value(s).E2782center line, nline on a control chart depicting the averagelevel of the statistic being monitored. E2587chance cause, nsource of inherent ra
28、ndom variation in aprocess which is predictable within statistical limits (seecommon cause). E2587characteristic, na property of items in a sample or popula-tion which, when measured, counted or otherwise observed,helps to distinguish between the items. E2282check sample, nsee control sample. E2554c
29、lassification of defects, nthe enumeration of possibledefects of the unit of product arranged according to theirseriousness, that is, critical, major, or minor defect. E2234cluster sampling, nsampling in which the sampling unitconsists of a group of subunits, all of which are measured forsampled clu
30、sters. E1402coefficient or variation (CV), nfor a nonnegative charac-teristic, the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean for apopulation or sample. E2586collaborative study, ninterlaboratory study in which eachlaboratory uses the defined method of analysis to analyzeidentical portions of homog
31、eneous materials to assess theperformance characteristics obtained for that method ofanalysis. E2489collaborative trial, nsee collaborative study. E2489common cause, nsee chance cause. E2587component of variance, na part of a total variance identifiedwith a specified source of variability. E1488comp
32、letely randomized design, na design in which thetreatments are assigned at random to the full set of experi-mental units. E1325E456 0842completely randomized factorial design, na factorial ex-periment (including all replications) run in a completelyrandomized design. E1325composite design, na design
33、 developed specifically forfitting second order response surfaces to study curvature,constructed by adding further selected treatments to thoseobtained from a 2nfactorial (or its fraction). E1325confidence bound, nsee confidence limit. E2586confidence coefficient, nsee confidence level. E2586confide
34、nce interval, nan interval estimate L, U with thestatistics L and U as limits for the parameter u and withconfidence level 1-a, where Pr(L# u #U)$1- a. E2586confidence level, nthe value, 1-a, of the probability associ-ated with a confidence interval, often expressed as a percent-age. E2586confidence
35、 limit, neach of the limits, L and U, of aconfidence interval, or the limit of a one-sided confidenceinterval. E2586confounded factorial design, na factorial experiment inwhich only a fraction of the treatment combinations are runin each block and where the selection of the treatmentcombinations ass
36、igned to each block is arranged so that oneor more prescribed effects is (are) confounded with the blockeffect(s), while the other effects remain free from confound-ing. E1325confounding, ncombining indistinguishably the main effectof a factor or a differential effect between factors (interac-tions)
37、 with the effect of other factor(s), block factor(s) orinteractions(s). E1325consumers risk, nprobability that a lot having specifiedrejectable quality level will be accepted under a definedsampling plan. E2555contrast, na linear function of the observations for whichthe sum of the coefficients is z
38、ero. E1325contrast analysis, na technique for estimating the param-eters of a model and making hypothesis tests on preselectedlinear combinations of the treatments (contrasts). E1325control chart, nchart on which are plotted a statisticalmeasure of a subgroup versus time of sampling along withlimits
39、 based on the statistical distribution of that measure soas to indicate how much common, or chance, cause variationis inherent in the process or product. E2587control chart factor, na tabulated constant, depending onsample size, used to convert specified statistics or parametersinto a central line v
40、alue or control limit appropriate to thecontrol chart. E2587control limits, nlimits on a control chart that are used ascriteria for signaling the need for action or judging whethera set of data does or does not indicate a state of statisticalcontrol based on a prescribed degree of risk. E2587control
41、 sample, nsample taken from a stable, homogeneousmaterial for the purposes of monitoring the performance ofa test method in a laboratory. E2554critical defect, na defect that judgment and experienceindicate would result in hazardous or unsafe conditions forindividuals using, maintaining, or dependin
42、g upon the prod-uct, or a defect that judgment and experience indicate islikely to prevent performance of the function of a major enditem. E2234defect, nany nonconformance of the unit of product withspecified requirements. E2234degrees of freedom, nthe number of independent data pointsminus the numb
43、er of parameters that have to be estimatedbefore calculating the variance. E2586dependent variable, nsee response variable. E1325design of experiments, nthe arrangement in which anexperimental program is to be conducted, and the selectionof the levels (versions) of one or more factors or factorcombi
44、nations to be included in the experiment. Synonymsinclude experiment design and experimental design.E1325double sampling plan, na multiple sampling plan in whichup to two samplings can be taken and evaluated to accept orreject a lot. E2234empirical percentile, nestimate of a population percentileusi
45、ng the sample data. This is a sample value such that apercentage p of the sample is less than that value. E2586equal complete coverage result, nthe numerical character-istic of interest calculated from observations made bydrawing randomly from the frame, all of the sampling unitscovered by the frame
46、. E141error of result, na test result minus the accepted referencevalue of the characteristic. E2655estimate, nsample statistic used to approximate a populationparameter. E2586evolutionary operation (EVOP), na sequential form ofexperimentation conducted in production facilities duringregular product
47、ion. E1325EWMA chart, ncontrol chart that monitors the exponen-tially weighted moving averages of consecutive subgroups.E2587expanded uncertainty, U, nuncertainty reported as a mul-tiple of the standard uncertainty. E2655experimental design, nsee design of experiments. E1325experimental unit, na por
48、tion of the experiment space towhich a treatment is applied or assigned in the experiment.E1325experiment space, nthe materials, equipment, environmen-tal conditions and so forth that are available for conductingan experiment. E1325exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA),nweighted average of ti
49、me-ordered data where theweights of past observations decrease geometrically withage. E2587factorial experiment (general), nin general, an experimentin which all possible treatments formed from two or morefactors, each being studied at two or more levels (versions)are examined so that interactions (differential effects) as wellas main effects can be estimated. E13252nfactorial experiment, na factorial experiment in which nfactors are studied, each of them in two levels (versions).E1325fractional factori
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