1、Designation: E456 121An American National StandardStandard TerminologyRelating to Quality and Statistics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E456; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTETerms were added editorially in February 2013.1. Sco
3、pe1.1 This standard is the general terminology standard forterms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Qualityand Statistics.1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to anE11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normativefor that term. Any changes in the term defini
4、tion in thenormative standard will be editorially changed in this standard.Any terms added to an E11 standard will be editorially addedto this standard with an attribution to that standard.1.3 Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will benoted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be consi
5、derednormative for any E11 terms.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM E11 Standards with Terms in This Standard:2E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Ba
6、sed on theResults of Probability SamplingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE1169 Practice for Conducting Ruggedne
7、ss TestsE1325 Terminology Relating to Design of ExperimentsE1402 Guide for Sampling DesignE1488 Guide for Statistical Procedures to Use in Developingand Applying Test MethodsE1994 Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL andLTPD Sampling PlansE2234 Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attri
8、-butes Indexed by AQLE2281 Practice for Process and Measurement CapabilityIndicesE2282 Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test MethodE2334 Practice for Setting an Upper Confidence Bound Fora Fraction or Number of Non-Conforming items, or a Rateof Occurrence for Non-conformities, Using Attribute
9、Data, When There is a Zero Response in the SampleE2489 Practice for Statistical Analysis of One-Sample andTwo-Sample Interlaboratory Proficiency Testing ProgramsE2554 Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncer-tainty of Test Results of a Test Method Using ControlChart TechniquesE2555 Practice
10、for Factors and Procedures for Applying theMIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability InspectionE2586 Practice for Calculating and Using Basic StatisticsE2587 Practice for Use of Control Charts in StatisticalProcess ControlE2655 Guide for Reporting Uncertainty of Test Results andUse of the Term Measu
11、rement Uncertainty in ASTM TestMethodsE2696 Practice for Life and Reliability Testing Based on theExponential DistributionE2709 Practice for Demonstrating Capability to Complywith an Acceptance ProcedureE2782 Guide for Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA)E2819 Practice for Single- and Multi-Level Cont
12、inuousSampling of a Stream of Product byAttributes Indexed byAQL2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 3534 Statistics-Vocabulary and SymbolsPart 2 Applied Statistics3. Terminologyacceptance quality limit (AQL), nquality limit that is theworst tolerable process average when a continuing series oflots is submitted fo
13、r acceptance sampling. E22341This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E11 on Qualityand Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.70 on Editorial/Terminology.Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous e
14、dition approved in 2008 as E456 084. DOI:10.1520/E0456-12E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.C
15、opyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1accepted reference value, na value that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derivedas: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2
16、) an assigned or certified value, based onexperimental work of some national or internationalorganization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based oncollaborative experimental work under the auspices of ascientific or engineering group. E177accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test r
17、esultand an accepted reference value. E177aliases, nin a fractional factorial design, two or more effectswhich are estimated by the same contrast and which,therefore, cannot be estimated separately. E1325area sampling, nprobability sampling in which a map, ratherthan a tabulation of sampling units,
18、serves as the samplingframe. E1402assignable cause, nfactor that contributes to variation in aprocess or product output that is feasible to detect andidentify (see special cause). E2587attributes data, nobserved values or test results that indicatethe presence or absence of specific characteristics
19、or countsof occurrences of events in time or space. E2587attributes, method of, nmeasurement of quality by themethod of attributes consists of noting the presence (orabsence) of some characteristic or attribute in each of theunits in the group under consideration, and counting howmany units do (or d
20、o not) possess the quality attribute, orhow many such events occur in the unit, group, or area.E2334audit subsample, na small subsample of a sample selectedfor review of all sample selection and data collectionprocedures. E141average outgoing quality (AOQ), nthe average percentdefective of outgoing
21、product including all accepted lots orbatches, after any defective units found in them are replacedby acceptable units, plus all lots or batches which are notaccepted after such lots or batches have been effectively100 % inspected and all defective units replaced by accept-able units. E1994average o
22、utgoing quality limit (AOQL), nthe maximum oftheAOQs for all possible incoming percentages defective forthe process, for a given acceptance sampling plan. E1994average quality protection, na type of protection in whichthere is prescribed some chosen value of average percentdefective in the product a
23、fter inspection (average outgoingquality limit (AOQL), that shall not be exceeded in the longrun no matter what may be the level of percent defective inthe product submitted to the inspector. E1994average run length (ARL), nthe average number of timesthat a process will have been sampled and evaluat
24、ed beforea shift in process level is signaled. E2587average standard deviation, s, narithmetic average ofsample standard deviations. E2281balanced incomplete block design (BIB), nan incompleteblock design in which each block contains the same numberk of different versions from the t versions of a si
25、ngleprincipal factor arranged so that every pair of versionsoccurs together in the same number, , of blocks from the bblocks. E1325bias, nthe difference between the expectation of the testresults and an accepted reference value. E177bulk sampling, nsampling to prepare a portion of a mass ofmaterial
26、that is representative of the whole. E1402c chart, ncontrol chart that monitors the count of occur-rences of an event in a defined increment of time or space.E2587calibration, nprocess of establishing a relationship betweena measurement device and a known standard value(s).E2782center line, nline on
27、 a control chart depicting the averagelevel of the statistic being monitored. E2587chance cause, nsource of inherent random variation in aprocess which is predictable within statistical limits (seecommon cause). E2587characteristic, na property of items in a sample or popula-tion which, when measure
28、d, counted or otherwise observed,helps to distinguish between the items. E2282check sample, nsee control sample. E2554classification of defects, nthe enumeration of possible de-fects of the unit of product arranged according to theirseriousness, that is, critical, major, or minor defect. E2234cluste
29、r sampling, nsampling in which the sampling unitconsists of a group of subunits, all of which are measured forsampled clusters. E1402coefficient or variation (CV), nfor a nonnegativecharacteristic, the ratio of the standard deviation to the meanfor a population or sample. E2586collaborative study, n
30、interlaboratory study in which eachlaboratory uses the defined method of analysis to analyzeidentical portions of homogeneous materials to assess theperformance characteristics obtained for that method ofanalysis. E2489collaborative trial, nsee collaborative study. E2489common cause, nsee chance cau
31、se. E2587component of variance, na part of a total variance identifiedwith a specified source of variability. E1488completely randomized design, na design in which thetreatments are assigned at random to the full set of experi-mental units. E1325completely randomized factorial design, na factorial e
32、x-periment (including all replications) run in a completelyrandomized design. E1325E456 1212composite design, na design developed specifically forfitting second order response surfaces to study curvature,constructed by adding further selected treatments to thoseobtained from a 2nfactorial (or its fr
33、action). E1325confidence bound, nsee confidence limit. E2586confidence coefficient, nsee confidence level. E2586confidence interval, nan interval estimate L, U with thestatistics L and U as limits for the parameter and withconfidence level 1-, where Pr(L U) 1- . E2586confidence level, nthe value, 1-
34、, of the probability associ-ated with a confidence interval, often expressed as apercentage. E2586confidence limit, neach of the limits, L and U, of aconfidence interval, or the limit of a one-sided confidenceinterval. E2586confounded factorial design, na factorial experiment inwhich only a fraction
35、 of the treatment combinations are runin each block and where the selection of the treatmentcombinations assigned to each block is arranged so that oneor more prescribed effects is (are) confounded with the blockeffect(s), while the other effects remain free fromconfounding. E1325confounding, ncombi
36、ning indistinguishably the main effectof a factor or a differential effect between factors (interac-tions) with the effect of other factor(s), block factor(s) orinteractions(s). E1325consumers risk, nprobability that a lot having specifiedrejectable quality level will be accepted under a definedsamp
37、ling plan. E2555continuous sampling inspection, na method of sampling astream of product in order of production where the samplingfrequency is adjusted based on ongoing inspection results.E2819contrast, na linear function of the observations for which thesum of the coefficients is zero. E1325contras
38、t analysis, na technique for estimating the param-eters of a model and making hypothesis tests on preselectedlinear combinations of the treatments (contrasts). E1325control chart, nchart on which are plotted a statisticalmeasure of a subgroup versus time of sampling along withlimits based on the sta
39、tistical distribution of that measure soas to indicate how much common, or chance, cause variationis inherent in the process or product. E2587control chart factor, na tabulated constant, depending onsample size, used to convert specified statistics or parametersinto a central line value or control l
40、imit appropriate to thecontrol chart. E2587control limits, nlimits on a control chart that are used ascriteria for signaling the need for action or judging whethera set of data does or does not indicate a state of statisticalcontrol based on a prescribed degree of risk. E2587control sample, nsample
41、taken from a stable, homogeneousmaterial for the purposes of monitoring the performance ofa test method in a laboratory. E2554critical defect, na defect that judgment and experienceindicate would result in hazardous or unsafe conditions forindividuals using, maintaining, or depending upon theproduct
42、, or a defect that judgment and experience indicate islikely to prevent performance of the function of a major enditem. E2234defect, nany nonconformance of the unit of product withspecified requirements. E2234degrees of freedom, nthe number of independent data pointsminus the number of parameters th
43、at have to be estimatedbefore calculating the variance. E2586dependent variable, nsee response variable. E1325design of experiments, nthe arrangement in which anexperimental program is to be conducted, and the selectionof the levels (versions) of one or more factors or factorcombinations to be inclu
44、ded in the experiment. Synonymsinclude experiment design and experimental design. E1325double sampling plan, na multiple sampling plan in whichup to two samplings can be taken and evaluated to accept orreject a lot. E2234empirical percentile, nestimate of a population percentileusing the sample data
45、. This is a sample value such that apercentage p of the sample is less than that value. E2586equal complete coverage result, nthe numerical character-istic of interest calculated from observations made bydrawing randomly from the frame, all of the sampling unitscovered by the frame. E141error of res
46、ult, na test result minus the accepted referencevalue of the characteristic. E2655estimate, nsample statistic used to approximate a populationparameter. E2586evolutionary operation (EVOP), na sequential form ofexperimentation conducted in production facilities duringregular production. E1325EWMA cha
47、rt, ncontrol chart that monitors the exponen-tially weighted moving averages of consecutive subgroups.E2587expanded uncertainty, U, nuncertainty reported as a mul-tiple of the standard uncertainty. E2655experimental design, nsee design of experiments. E1325experimental unit, na portion of the experi
48、ment space towhich a treatment is applied or assigned in the experiment.E1325experiment space, nthe materials, equipment, environmen-tal conditions and so forth that are available for conductingan experiment. E1325exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA),nweighted average of time-ordered data wh
49、ere the weightsof past observations decrease geometrically with age. E2587E456 1213factorial experiment (general), nin general, an experimentin which all possible treatments formed from two or morefactors, each being studied at two or more levels (versions)are examined so that interactions (differential effects) as wellas main effects can be estimated. E13252nfactorial experiment, na factorial experiment in which nfactors are studied, each of them in two levels (versions).E1325fractional factor
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