1、Designation: E456 13a (Reapproved 2017)1An American National StandardStandard TerminologyRelating to Quality and Statistics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E456; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTEReapproved with new terms ad
3、ded and other terms corrected editorially in October 2017.1. Scope1.1 This standard is the general terminology standard forterms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Qualityand Statistics.1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to anE11 technical standard indicates that the st
4、andard is normativefor that term. Any changes in the term definition in thenormative standard will be editorially changed in this standard.Any terms added to an E11 standard will be editorially addedto this standard with an attribution to that standard.1.3 Term definitions that are similar to ISO 35
5、34 will benoted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considerednormative for any E11 terms.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International S
6、tandards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM E11 Standards with Terms in This Standard:2E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE105 Pr
7、actice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or ProcessE141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on theResults of Probability SamplingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precis
8、ion and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE1169 Practice for Conducting Ruggedness TestsE1325 Terminology Relating to Design of ExperimentsE1402 Guide for Samplin
9、g DesignE1488 Guide for Statistical Procedures to Use in Developingand Applying Test MethodsE1994 Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL andLTPD Sampling PlansE2234 Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attri-butes Indexed by AQLE2281 Practice for Process Capability and PerformanceMeasurem
10、entE2282 Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test MethodE2334 Practice for Setting an Upper Confidence Bound Fora Fraction or Number of Non-Conforming items, or a Rateof Occurrence for Non-conformities, Using AttributeData, When There is a Zero Response in the SampleE2489 Practice for Statistica
11、l Analysis of One-Sample andTwo-Sample Interlaboratory Proficiency Testing ProgramsE2554 Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncer-tainty of Test Results of a Test Method Using ControlChart TechniquesE2555 Practice for Factors and Procedures for Applying theMIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Relia
12、bility InspectionE2586 Practice for Calculating and Using Basic StatisticsE2587 Practice for Use of Control Charts in StatisticalProcess ControlE2655 Guide for Reporting Uncertainty of Test Results andUse of the Term Measurement Uncertainty in ASTM TestMethodsE2696 Practice for Life and Reliability
13、Testing Based on theExponential DistributionE2709 Practice for Demonstrating Capability to Complywith an Acceptance ProcedureE2762 Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Vari-ables Indexed by AQLE2782 Guide for Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA)1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofAST
14、M Committee E11 on Qualityand Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.70 on Editorial/Terminology.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E456 13a4. DOI:10.1520/E0456-13AR17E01.2For r
15、eferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, W
16、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World
17、Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1E2819 Practice for Single- and Multi-Level ContinuousSampling of a Stream of Product byAttributes Indexed byAQLE2935 Practice for Conducting Equivalence Testing inLaboratory ApplicationsE3080 Practice for Regression Analysis2.2 ISO Stan
18、dards:3ISO 3534 StatisticsVocabulary and SymbolsPart 2 Applied Statistics3. Terminologyacceptance quality limit (AQL), nquality limit that is theworst tolerable process average when a continuing series oflots is submitted for acceptance sampling. E2234accepted reference value, na value that serves a
19、s anagreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derivedas: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned or certified value, based onexperimental work of some national or internationalorganization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based oncollabo
20、rative experimental work under the auspices of ascientific or engineering group. E177accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted reference value. E177aliases, nin a fractional factorial design, two or more effectswhich are estimated by the same contrast and which,there
21、fore, cannot be estimated separately. E1325area sampling, nprobability sampling in which a map, ratherthan a tabulation of sampling units, serves as the samplingframe. E1402assignable cause, nfactor that contributes to variation in aprocess or product output that is feasible to detect andidentify (s
22、ee special cause). E2587attributes data, nobserved values or test results that indicatethe presence or absence of specific characteristics or countsof occurrences of events in time or space. E2587attributes, method of, nmeasurement of quality by themethod of attributes consists of noting the presenc
23、e (orabsence) of some characteristic or attribute in each of theunits in the group under consideration, and counting howmany units do (or do not) possess the quality attribute, orhow many such events occur in the unit, group, or area.E2334audit subsample, na small subsample of a sample selectedfor r
24、eview of all sample selection and data collectionprocedures. E141average outgoing quality (AOQ), nthe average percentdefective of outgoing product including all accepted lots orbatches, after any defective units found in them are replacedby acceptable units, plus all lots or batches which are notacc
25、epted after such lots or batches have been effectively100 % inspected and all defective units replaced by accept-able units. E1994average outgoing quality limit (AOQL), nthe maximum oftheAOQs for all possible incoming percentages defective forthe process, for a given acceptance sampling plan. E1994a
26、verage quality protection, na type of protection in whichthere is prescribed some chosen value of average percentdefective in the product after inspection (average outgoingquality limit (AOQL), that shall not be exceeded in the longrun no matter what may be the level of percent defective inthe produ
27、ct submitted to the inspector. E1994average run length (ARL), nthe average number of timesthat a process will have been sampled and evaluated beforea shift in process level is signaled. E2587balanced incomplete block design (BIB), nan incompleteblock design in which each block contains the same numb
28、erk of different versions from the t versions of a singleprincipal factor arranged so that every pair of versionsoccurs together in the same number, , of blocks from the bblocks. E1325bias, nthe difference between the expectation of the testresults and an accepted reference value. E177binary scale,
29、nnominal scale with only two possiblecategories. E2282block factor, na factor that indexes division of experimentalunits into disjoint subsets. E1325bulk sampling, nsampling to prepare a portion of a mass ofmaterial that is representative of the whole. E1402c chart, ncontrol chart that monitors the
30、count of occur-rences of an event in a defined increment of time or space.E2587calibration, nprocess of establishing a relationship betweena measurement device and a known standard value(s).E2782center line, nline on a control chart depicting the averagelevel of the statistic being monitored. E2587c
31、hance cause, nsource of inherent random variation in aprocess which is predictable within statistical limits (seecommon cause). E2587characteristic, na property of items in a sample or popula-tion which, when measured, counted or otherwise observed,helps to distinguish among the items. E2282check sa
32、mple, nsee control sample. E2554classification of defects, nthe enumeration of possible de-fects of the unit of product arranged according to theirseriousness, that is, critical, major, or minor defect. E2234cluster sampling, nsampling in which the sampling unitconsists of a group of subunits, all o
33、f which are measured forsampled clusters. E14023Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E456 13a (2017)12coefficient of determination, nsquare of the corr
34、elationcoefficient, r. E3080coefficient of variation (CV), nfor a nonnegativecharacteristic, the ratio of the standard deviation to the meanfor a population or sample. E2586collaborative study, ninterlaboratory study in which eachlaboratory uses the defined method of analysis to analyzeidentical por
35、tions of homogeneous materials to assess theperformance characteristics obtained for that method ofanalysis. E2489collaborative trial, nsee collaborative study. E2489common cause, nsee chance cause. E2587completely randomized design, na design in which thetreatments are assigned at random to the ful
36、l set of experi-mental units. E1325completely randomized factorial design, na factorial ex-periment (including all replications) run in a completelyrandomized design. E1325component of variance, na part of a total variance identifiedwith a specified source of variability. E1488composite design, na d
37、esign developed specifically forfitting second order response surfaces to study curvature,constructed by adding further selected treatments to thoseobtained from a 2nfactorial (or its fraction). E1325confidence bound, nsee confidence limit. E2586confidence coefficient, nsee confidence level. E2586co
38、nfidence interval, nan interval estimate L, U with thestatistics L and U as limits for the parameter and withconfidence level 1-, where Pr(L U) 1-. E2586confidence level, nthe value, 1-, of the probability associ-ated with a confidence interval, often expressed as apercentage. E2586confidence limit,
39、 neach of the limits, L and U, of aconfidence interval, or the limit of a one-sided confidenceinterval. E2586confounded factorial design, na factorial experiment inwhich only a fraction of the treatment combinations are runin each block and where the selection of the treatmentcombinations assigned t
40、o each block is arranged so that oneor more prescribed effects is (are) confounded with the blockeffect(s), while the other effects remain free fromconfounding. E1325confounding, ncombining indistinguishably the main effectof a factor or a differential effect between factors (interac-tions) with the
41、 effect of other factor(s), block factor(s) orinteractions(s). E1325consumers risk, nprobability that a lot having specifiedrejectable quality level will be accepted under a definedsampling plan. E2555continuous sampling inspection, na method of sampling astream of product in order of production whe
42、re the samplingfrequency is adjusted based on ongoing inspection results.E2819contrast, na linear function of the observations for which thesum of the coefficients is zero. E1325contrast analysis, na technique for estimating the param-eters of a model and making hypothesis tests on preselectedlinear
43、 combinations of the treatments (contrasts). E1325control chart, nchart on which are plotted a statisticalmeasure of a subgroup versus time of sampling along withlimits based on the statistical distribution of that measure soas to indicate how much common, or chance, cause variationis inherent in th
44、e process or product. E2587control chart factor, na tabulated constant, depending onsample size, used to convert specified statistics or parametersinto a central line value or control limit appropriate to thecontrol chart. E2587control limits, nlimits on a control chart that are used ascriteria for
45、signaling the need for action or judging whethera set of data does or does not indicate a state of statisticalcontrol based on a prescribed degree of risk. E2587control sample, nsample taken from a stable, homogeneousmaterial for the purposes of monitoring the performance ofa test method in a labora
46、tory. E2554correlation coeffecient, nfor a population, , a dimension-less measure of association between two variables X and Y,equal to the covariance divided by the product of Xandtimes Y. E3080correlation coeffecient, nfor a sample, r, the estimate of theparameter from the data. E3080covariance, n
47、of a population, cov(X, Y), for two variables,X and Y, the expected value of (X X)(Y Y). E3080covariance, nof a sample, the estimate of the parametercov(X, Y) from the data. E3080critical defect, na defect that judgment and experienceindicate would result in hazardous or unsafe conditions forindivid
48、uals using, maintaining, or depending upon theproduct, or a defect that judgment and experience indicate islikely to prevent performance of the function of a major enditem. E2234defect, nany nonconformance of the unit of product withspecified requirements. E2234degrees of freedom, nthe number of ind
49、ependent data pointsminus the number of parameters that have to be estimatedbefore calculating the variance. E2586dependent variable, na variable to be predicted using anequation. E3080design of experiments, nthe arrangement in which anexperimental program is to be conducted, and the selectionof the levels (versions) of one or more factors or factorE456 13a (2017)13combinations to be included in the experiment. Synonymsinclude experiment design and experimental design. E1325double sampling
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