1、Designation: E473 11Standard Terminology Relating toThermal Analysis and Rheology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of termsused in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis andrheology. This terminology includes o
3、nly those terms for whichASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. Itis not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related tothermal analysis and rheology.1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-wordform for terms using thermo as a prefix, such as thermoana-l
4、ytical or thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that forsome terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermalanalysis. This terminology does not support, nor does itrecommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-wordform using thermal as a prefix, such as, thermalanalytical orthermalmagneto
5、metry.1.3 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in notes. It is reviewed every five years.2. Terminologyadiabatic, adj no heat exchange with the surroundings.calorimeter, napparatus for measuring quantities of ab-sorbed or evolved bined, adjthe application of two or
6、 more techniques todifferent samples at the same time.controlled-rate thermal analysis (CRTA), na family oftechniques that monitors the temperature versus time profileneeded to maintain a chosen, fixed rate of change of aproperty of a substance.NOTE 1Compared to controlled-temperature experiments, w
7、here thereaction rate tends to increase exponentially and the rate can becomelimited by heat or mass transfer, CRTA experiments are more likely toinvolve the chemical reaction as the limiting step. This technique can alsoimprove the resolution of multiple reactions. For example, in controlledrate ex
8、periments, power to the furnace is controlled to ensure a fixed rateof mass loss (or gain).controlled-temperature program, nthe temperature historyexperienced by a sample during the course of a thermalanalysis experiment.NOTE 2In contrast to controlled-rate experiments, power to thefurnace is contro
9、lled to ensure a fixed rate of temperature change forcontrolled-temperature experiments. The program may include heating orcooling segments in which the temperature is changed at a fixed rate,isothermal segments in which time becomes the explicit independentvariable, or any sequence of these individ
10、ual segments. If the atmosphere(or vacuum) around the sample is changed by some external action(depending on the independent variable onlytemperature or time)during the course of the experiment, that too becomes part of thecontrolled-temperature program.curve, thermal, nthe plot of a dependent param
11、eter againstan independent parameter such as temperature or time.dielectric thermal analysis (DETA or DEA), na techniquein which the dielectric constant (permittivity or capacitance)and dielectric loss (conductance) of a substance underoscillating electric field are measured as a function oftemperat
12、ure or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.derivative, adjpertaining to the first derivative (mathemati-cal) of any curve with respect to temperature or time.differential, adjpertaining to a difference in measured ormeasurable quantities
13、 usually between a substance and somereference or standard material.differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nA technique inwhich the heat flow difference into a substance and areference material is measured as a function of temperaturewhile the substance and reference material are subjected to acon
14、trolled-temperature program.NOTE 3The record is the differential scanning calorimetric or DSCcurve. Two modes, power compensation differential scanning calorimetry,and heat flux differential scanning calorimetry can be distinguished,depending on the method of measurement used.differential thermal an
15、alysis (DTA), nA technique in whichthe temperature difference between the substance and areference material is measured as a function of temperature,while the substance and reference material are subjected to acontrolled-temperature program.NOTE 4The term quantitative differential thermal analysis c
16、oversthose uses of DTA where the equipment is designed to produce quantita-tive results.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 onThermal Measurements and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.03 onNomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved April 1, 2
17、011. Published May 2011. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E473 10. DOI:10.1520/E0473-11.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.dilatometry, nsee thermodilatometry.dynamic mechanical analy
18、sis (DMA), na technique inwhich the storage modulus (elastic response) and lossmodulus (viscous response) of a substance under oscillatoryload is measured as a function of temperature, time, orfrequency of oscillation, while the substance is subjected toa controlled-temperature program in a specifie
19、d atmosphere.endotherm, nIn thermal analysis, the thermal record of atransition where heat is absorbed by the specimen.evolved gas analysis (EGA), na technique in which thenature or amount, or both, of gas or vapor evolved by asubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature program.NOTE 5Some spe
20、cific forms of EGA have become established forinvestigating different aspects of catalysis, such as reduction, oxidation, ordesorption. In this context, EGA in a hydrogen atmosphere is known astemperature-programmed reduction (TPR); EGAin an oxygen atmosphereis temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO)
21、; and EGA in the absence ofdecomposition, in an inert atmosphere or vacuum, is temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). For each technique the method used forgas identification and quantification should always be clearly stated.evolved gas detection, (EGD), nsee evolved gas analysis.extrapolated ons
22、et value, nthe value of the independentparameter found by extrapolating the dependent parameterbaseline prior to the event and a tangent constructed at theinflection point on the leading edge to their intersection.first-deviation-from baseline , nthe value of the indepen-dent parameter at which a de
23、flection is first observed fromthe established dependent parameter baseline prior to theevent.high-pressure (HP.), adja prefix for different thermoana-lytical techniques in which the pressure in the apparatus isabove ambient.NOTE 6As an example, high-pressure thermogravimetric analysis isdesignated
24、HPTGA.isoperibol, adjto maintain constant surroundings.NOTE 7For calorimeters, if only the surroundings are isothermal, themode of operation is isoperibol. In isoperibol calorimeters, the tempera-ture changes with time, governed by the thermal resistance between thecalorimeter and surroundings.isoth
25、ermal, adjat constant temperature.modulated temperature, adja prefix applied to the tech-nique named to indicate that temperature modulation hasbeen applied to the temperature program.NOTE 8As an example, a DSC experiment carried out with amodulated temperature program would be Modulated Temperature
26、 Dif-ferential Scanning Calorimetry (MTDSC).NOTE 9Other modulated techniques are possible, such as modulatedforce TMA.NOTE 10 The use of the prefix MT is preferred to TM.nonreversing, adjin modulated temperature experiments,responding to the value of the temperature or time, or both.onset point (tem
27、perature or time), nthe temperature ortime at which a deflection is first observed from theestablished baseline prior to the thermal event.peak, nthat portion of a thermal curve characterized by adeviation from the established baseline, a maximum depen-dent parameter deflection, and a reestablishmen
28、t of a base-line not necessarily identical to that before the peak.peak value, nthe value of the independent parameter corre-sponding to the maximum (or minimum) deflection from thebaseline of the dependent parameter curve.pulse, na transient step-hold-return variation of a parameterthat is normally
29、 constant where the intensity and duration arespecified.reversing, adjin modulated temperature experiments, re-sponding to the rate of change of the temperature.rheometer, nan instrument for measuring rheological prop-erties with a controlled temperature, shear rate, or stressprogram.rheometry, na t
30、echnique in which viscosity, storage modu-lus, and loss modulus of a material are measured as afunction of temperature, time, shear rate, or stress while thematerial is subjected to controlled temperature, shear rate, orstress program.simultaneous, adjthe application of two or more techniquesto the
31、same sample at the same time.NOTE 11A hyphen is used to separate the abbreviations of thetechniques; for example, simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis anddifferential scanning calorimetry would be TGA-DSC.stochastic, adjrandom.tan d, nis the dimensionless ratio of energy lost to energyreturned du
32、ring one cycle of a periodic process. Tan d isnormally calculated by dividing the loss component of theproperty measured by a periodic method by the storagecomponent (for example, tan d= E”/E as used in DMA).thermal analysis (TA) , na group of techniques in which aphysical property of a substance is
33、 measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program.thermally stimulated current analysis, na technique inwhich the current generated when dipoles change theiralignment in a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while
34、the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.NOTE 12The technique can be applied in several ways: for example;the substance can be pre-conditioned by heating and cooling in anonoscillating electric field to create aligned, frozen dipoles. The sub-stance may
35、 then generate a thermally stimulated current during subsequentheating with no field applied.thermoanalytical, adjof, or pertaining to, thermal analysis.thermodilatometry, na technique in which a dimension of asubstance under negligible load is measured as a function oftemperature while the substanc
36、e is subjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.NOTE 13Linear thermodilatometry and volume thermodilatometryare distinguished on the basis of the dimension measured.thermogravimetry (TG), nsee thermogravimetric analy-sis.thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), na technique in
37、whichthe mass of a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.NOTE 14The record is the thermogravimetric or TG curve.E473 112thermomagnetometry, na family of thermoanalytical tech-niques in w
38、hich a magnetic characteristic of a substance ismeasured as a function of temperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature programin a specified atmosphere.NOTE 15Thermogravimetric analysis with a magnetic field acting onthe specimen is the most common example.thermome
39、chanical analysis (TMA), na technique in whichthe deformation of a substance under nonoscillatory load ismeasured as a function of temperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature programin a specified atmosphere.NOTE 16The load on the substance may be compressive, ten
40、sile,flexural, or torsional. When the applied load is too low to causedeformation, TMA measures a dimension of the substance and in thismode is called thermodilatometry.thermomicroscopy, nsee thermoptometry.thermoptometry, na family of techniques in which anoptical characteristic of a substance is m
41、easured as afunction of temperature or time while the substance issubjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specifiedatmosphere.NOTE 17Measurement of total light, light of specific wavelength(s),refractive index, and luminescence leads, respectively, to thermophotom-etry, thermospectrometry
42、, thermorefractometry, and thermoluminescence.Observations under the microscope lead to thermomicroscopy.viscometer, nan instrument for measuring viscosity at fixedtemperature, shear rate, or stress.viscometry, na technique in which viscosity of a material ismeasured at fixed temperature, shear rate
43、, or stress.3. Keywords3.1 definitions; rheology; terminology; thermal analysisASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the vali
44、dity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comm
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47、opies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E473 113
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