1、Designation: E473 11aE473 14Standard Terminology Relating toThermal Analysis and Rheology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms used in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis andrheology. This terminology i
3、ncludes only those terms for which ASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. It isnot intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related to thermal analysis and rheology.1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-word form for terms using thermo as a prefix, such as
4、 thermoanalyticalor thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that for some terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermal analysis. Thisterminology does not support, nor does it recommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-word form using thermal as aprefix, such as, thermalanalytical or t
5、hermalmagnetometry.1.3 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion area. It is reviewed every five years.2. Terminologyadiabatic, adjno heat exchange with the surroundings.calorimeter, napparatus for measuring quantities of absorbed or evolved bined, adjthe
6、 application of two or more techniques to different samples at the same time.controlled-rate thermal analysis (CRTA ), na family of techniques that monitors the temperature versus time profile needed tomaintain a chosen, fixed rate of change of a property of a substance.DISCUSSIONCompared to control
7、led-temperature experiments, where the reaction rate tends to increase exponentially and the rate can become limited by heat ormass transfer, CRTA experiments are more likely to involve the chemical reaction as the limiting step. This technique can also improve the resolutionof multiple reactions. F
8、or example, in controlled rate experiments, power to the furnace is controlled to ensure a fixed rate of mass loss (or gain).controlled-temperature program, nthe temperature history experienced by a sample during the course of a thermal analysisexperiment.DISCUSSIONIn contrast to controlled-rate exp
9、eriments, power to the furnace is controlled to ensure a fixed rate of temperature change for controlled-temperatureexperiments. The program may include heating or cooling segments in which the temperature is changed at a fixed rate, isothermal segments in whichtime becomes the explicit independent
10、variable, or any sequence of these individual segments. If the atmosphere (or vacuum) around the sample ischanged by some external action (depending on the independent variable onlytemperature or time) during the course of the experiment, that toobecomes part of the controlled-temperature program.cu
11、rve, thermal, nthe plot of a dependent parameter against an independent parameter such as temperature or time.dielectric analysis (DEA), na technique in which the dielectric constant (permittivity or capacitance) and dielectric loss(conductance) of a substance under oscillating electric field are me
12、asured as a function of temperature or time while thesubstance is subjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal Measurements and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.03 onNomenclature
13、 and Definitions.Current edition approved June 15, 2011Aug. 15, 2014. Published June 2011September 2014. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2011 asE473 11.E473 11a. DOI: 10.1520/E0473-11A.10.1520/E0473-14.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provi
14、de the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the s
15、tandard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1derivative, adjpertaining to the first derivative (mathematical) of any curve with respect to temperature or time.d
16、ifferential, adjpertaining to a difference in measured or measurable quantities usually between a substance and some referenceor standard material.differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) , na technique in which the heat flow difference into a substance and a referencematerial is measured as a functi
17、on of temperature while the substance and reference material are subjected to acontrolled-temperature program.DISCUSSIONThe record is the differential scanning calorimetric or DSC curve. Two modes, power compensation differential scanning calorimetry, and heat fluxdifferential scanning calorimetry c
18、an be distinguished, depending on the method of measurement used.DISCUSSIONTwo conventions exist in thermal analysis. In the physicists convention, exothermic behavior increases downward on the thermal curve. In thechemists convention, exothermic behavior increases upward on the thermal curve. Commi
19、ttee E37 takes no position on which convention shall beused. To aid the user, the direction of exothermic (or conversely, endothermic) behavior shall be indicated on each thermal curve.differential thermal analysis (DTA),na technique in which the temperature difference between the substance and a re
20、ferencematerial is measured as a function of temperature, while the substance and reference material are subjected to acontrolled-temperature program.DISCUSSIONThe term quantitative differential thermal analysis covers those uses of DTA where the equipment is designed to produce quantitative results
21、.dilatometry, nsee thermodilatometry.dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) , na technique in which the storage modulus (elastic response) and loss modulus (viscousresponse) of a substance under oscillatory load is measured as a function of temperature, time, or frequency of oscillation, whilethe substan
22、ce is subjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.endotherm, nIn thermal analysis, the thermal record of a transition where heat is absorbed by the specimen.evolved gas analysis (EGA),na technique in which the nature or amount, or both, of gas or vapor evolved by a substa
23、nce issubjected to a controlled-temperature program.DISCUSSIONSome specific forms of EGA have become established for investigating different aspects of catalysis, such as reduction, oxidation, or desorption. Inthis context, EGA in a hydrogen atmosphere is known as temperature-programmed reduction (T
24、PR); EGA in an oxygen atmosphere istemperature-programmed oxidation (TPO); and EGA in the absence of decomposition, in an inert atmosphere or vacuum, is temperature-programmeddesorption (TPD). For each technique the method used for gas identification and quantification should always be clearly state
25、d.evolved gas detection, (EGD), nsee evolved gas analysis.extrapolated onset value, nthe value of the independent parameter found by extrapolating the dependent parameter baselineprior to the event and a tangent constructed at the inflection point on the leading edge to their intersection.first-devi
26、ation-from baseline , nthe value of the independent parameter at which a deflection is first observed from theestablished dependent parameter baseline prior to the event.high-pressure (HP.), adja prefix for different thermoanalytical techniques in which the pressure in the apparatus is aboveambient.
27、DISCUSSIONAs an example, high-pressure thermogravimetric analysis is designated HPTGA.isoperibol, adjto maintain constant surroundings.DISCUSSIONE473 142For calorimeters, if only the surroundings are isothermal, the mode of operation is isoperibol. In isoperibol calorimeters, the temperature changes
28、 withtime, governed by the thermal resistance between the calorimeter and surroundings.isothermal, adjat constant temperature.modulated temperature, adja prefix applied to the technique named to indicate that temperature modulation has been appliedto the temperature program.DISCUSSIONAs an example,
29、a DSC experiment carried out with a modulated temperature program would be Modulated Temperature Differential ScanningCalorimetry (MTDSC).DISCUSSIONOther modulated techniques are possible, such as modulated force TMA.DISCUSSIONThe use of the prefix MT is preferred to TM.nonreversing, adjin modulated
30、 temperature experiments, responding to the value of the temperature or time, or both.onset point (temperature or time), nthe temperature or time at which a deflection is first observed from the established baselineprior to the thermal event.peak, nthat portion of a thermal curve characterized by a
31、deviation from the established baseline, a maximum dependentparameter deflection, and a reestablishment of a baseline not necessarily identical to that before the peak.peak value, nthe value of the independent parameter corresponding to the maximum (or minimum) deflection from the baselineof the dep
32、endent parameter curve.pulse, na transient step-hold-return variation of a parameter that is normally constant where the intensity and duration arespecified.reversing, adjin modulated temperature experiments, responding to the rate of change of the temperature.rheometer, nan instrument for measuring
33、 rheological properties with a controlled temperature, shear rate, or stress program.rheometry, na technique in which viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus of a material are measured as a function oftemperature, time, shear rate, or stress while the material is subjected to controlled tempera
34、ture, shear rate, or stress program.simultaneous, adjthe application of two or more techniques to the same sample at the same time.DISCUSSIONA hyphen is used to separate the abbreviations of the techniques; for example, simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanningcalorimetry wou
35、ld be TGA-DSC.stochastic, adjrandom.tan , nis the dimensionless ratio of energy lost to energy returned during one cycle of a periodic process. Tan is normallycalculated by dividing the loss component of the property measured by a periodic method by the storage component (forexample, tan = E”E as us
36、ed in DMA).thermal analysis (TA),na group of techniques in which a physical property of a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to a controlled-temperature program.thermally stimulated current (TSC) analysis , na technique in which the current gen
37、erated when dipoles change theiralignment in a substance is measured as a function of temperature or time while the substance is subjected to acontrolled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.DISCUSSIONThe technique can be applied in several ways: for example; the substance can be pre-condit
38、ioned by heating and cooling in a nonoscillating electricfield to create aligned, frozen dipoles. The substance may then generate a thermally stimulated current during subsequent heating with no field applied.E473 143thermoanalytical, adjof, or pertaining to, thermal analysis.thermodilatometry, na t
39、echnique in which a dimension of a substance under negligible load is measured as a function oftemperature while the substance is subjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.DISCUSSIONLinear thermodilatometry and volume thermodilatometry are distinguished on the basis of
40、the dimension measured.thermogravimetry (TG),nsee thermogravimetric analysis.thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),na technique in which the mass of a substance is measured as a function of temperature ortime while the substance is subjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.D
41、ISCUSSIONThe record is the thermogravimetric or TG curve.thermomagnetometry, na family of thermoanalytical techniques in which a magnetic characteristic of a substance is measuredas a function of temperature or time while the substance is subjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specifieda
42、tmosphere.DISCUSSIONThermogravimetric analysis with a magnetic field acting on the specimen is the most common example.thermomechanical analysis (TMA) , na technique in which the deformation of a substance under nonoscillatory load ismeasured as a function of temperature or time while the substance
43、is subjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specifiedatmosphere.DISCUSSIONThe load on the substance may be compressive, tensile, flexural, or torsional. When the applied load is too low to cause deformation, TMA measuresa dimension of the substance and in this mode is called thermodilatome
44、try.thermomicroscopy, nsee thermoptometry.thermoptometry, na family of techniques in which an optical characteristic of a substance is measured as a function oftemperature or time while the substance is subjected to a controlled-temperature program in a specified atmosphere.DISCUSSIONMeasurement of
45、total light, light of specific wavelength(s), refractive index, and luminescence leads, respectively, to thermophotometry,thermospectrometry, thermorefractometry, and thermoluminescence. Observations under the microscope lead to thermomicroscopy.viscometer, nan instrument for measuring viscosity at
46、fixed temperature, shear rate, or stress.viscometry, na technique in which viscosity of a material is measured at fixed temperature, shear rate, or stress.3. Keywords3.1 definitions; rheology; terminology; thermal analysisASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rig
47、hts asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any
48、 time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments wil
49、l receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at
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