1、Designation: E514/E514M 11E514/E514M 14Standard Test Method forWater Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E514/E514M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This laboratory test method2
3、provides a procedure for determining the resistance to water penetration and leakage throughunit masonry subjected to wind-driven rain.1.2 This test method is not identical to and the results are not the same as the field standard Test Method C1601.1.3 This test method evaluates the through-wall wat
4、er penetration which is not the same as surface water penetration evaluatedby Test Method C1601.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used i
5、ndependently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate saf
6、ety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit MasonryC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1601 Test Method for Field Determinatio
7、n of Water Penetration of Masonry Wall Surfaces2.2 American Concrete Institute Standard:The Masonry Society Standards:4ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5 Building Code Requirements for Masonry StructuresACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602TMS 602/ACI 530.1/ASCE 6 Specifications for Masonry Structures3
8、. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 dampness, nvisual change in the appearance of a material due to the presence of water.3.1.2 surface water penetration, nwater that passes through the exterior face of the masonry.3.1.3 through-wall water penetration, nsurface water that penetrates through a wall an
9、d exits the interior face of the masonry.3.1.4 water penetration, nwater that passes into or through the masonry.3.1.5 wind-driven rain, nrain water that is directed against the surface of the wall by wind.3.2 For additional definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology C1232.1
10、 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.04 on Research.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2011Feb. 1, 2014. Published January 2012February 2014. Originally approved in 1974. Last previous editi
11、on approved in 20092011as E514/E514M 09.E514/E514M 11. DOI: 10.1520/E0514_E0514M-11.10.1520/E0514_E0514M-14.2 This test method is based upon those used by the National Bureau of Standards and described in NBS Report BMS7, “Water Permeability of Masonry Walls,” 1933, andNBS Report BMS82, “Water Perme
12、ability of Walls Built of Masonry Units,” 1942.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Published by
13、 The Masonry Society, www.masonrysociety.org; American Concrete Institute, www.aci-int.org; and American Society of Civil Engineers,www.asce.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the prev
14、ious version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Cha
15、nges section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides information that aids in evaluating the effect of four principal variables: materials
16、, coatings, walldesign, and workmanship.4.2 Water penetration and leakage through masonry is significantly affected by air pressure in the test chamber. Data from testsmade at different pressures are not comparable.4.3 The performance of a masonry wall is a function of materials, construction, wall
17、design, and maintenance. In service theperformance will also depend on the rigidity of supporting structure and on the resistance of components to deterioration by variouscauses, such as corrosion, vibration, thermal expansion and contraction, curing, and others. It is impossible to simulate the com
18、plexconditions encountered in service, such as variations in wind velocity, negative pressure, and lateral or upward moving air andwater. Factors such as location, exposure, and wall openings should be considered.4.4 Given the complexity of variables noted above, this test method establishes compara
19、tive behavior between various masonrywall constructions in a given laboratory.4.5 Even when a single laboratory tests the same wall design utilizing the same wall materials and the same constructionpractices, variables such as the level of skill of the mason building the specimen, the temperature an
20、d humidity in the laboratoryat the time of construction, curing of the specimen, the moisture contents of the materials used to build the specimen, and eventhe use or lack of use of a lime and water wash on the back of the specimen can affect the results of the test making reliablecomparisons dubiou
21、s. For these reasons and the multi-variables listed in 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, a meaningful, useful, absolute wallleakage rating standard is impractical and discouraged.4.6 This test method is similar to but distinct from field Test Method C1601. This laboratory test method is designed to testlaboratory
22、fabricated wall specimens. Field Test Method C1601 is designed to test in-situ walls. This test method measures thewater that has penetrated into and through the masonry specimen and is collected. Test Method C1601 determines waterpenetration of the masonry at its surface. Results from Test Method C
23、1601 and Test Method E514/E514M are not the same.5. Apparatus5.1 Test ChamberUse a test chamber similar to that shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Provide an opening with a minimum area of1.08 m2 12 ft2. For example, 900 mm 36 in. wide and 1200 mm 48 in. high is suitable. Line the edges of the chamber inco
24、ntact with the specimen with a closed-cell compressible gasket material or appropriate sealant. Provide an observation port inFIG. 1 Isometric Projection of Testing ChamberE514/E514M 142the face of the chamber. Provide a 19.0-mm 34-in. diameter corrosion-resistant spray pipe with a single line of 1.
25、0-mm 0.04-in.diameter holes spaced 25.0 mm 1 in. apart.5.2 Fixtures and Appurtenances to ChamberFixtures and appurtenances to the chamber shall include an air line withmanometer, a water line with valves, a flow meter and manometer and a water drain pipe at the bottom of the chamber. Positionthe wat
26、er spray pipe so that the water impinges the specimen not more than 75.0 mm 3.00 in. below the top of the test chamber.NOTE 1A drain pipe that discharges into a reservoir equipped with an adjustable depth air outlet pipe and top baffles has been found to reduce surge.5.3 ManometerMeasure the air pre
27、ssure in the chamber using a manometer or other device capable of measuring air pressuresof at least 51 mm 2.0 in. of water (71.7 kPa 10.4 psf) to an accuracy of 2.5 mm 0.1 in. or 3.6 kPa 0.52 psf. Connect themanometer or other device to the chamber away from the air inlet so that the air flow will
28、not significantly influence the pressurereading.5.4 Other equipment includes devices for handling the specimen and measuring time, water quantities, temperature, andhumidity.6. Hazards6.1 The use of this test method will require careful design consideration of both air chamber and support of the wal
29、l system toavoid possible injury due to equipment or specimen failure.7. Temperature and Humidity Conditions7.1 Maintain the air in the laboratory at a temperature of 24 6 8C 75 6 15F and a relative humidity of 55 6 25 %.8. Test Specimens8.1 Masonry MaterialsMasonry and associated materials shall be
30、 representative of the construction or the materials that arebeing considered. Precondition all materials by storing in laboratory environment for not less than 5 days before use.8.2 Size of Test WallsThe height and length of the specimen shall provide a minimum of 1.08 m2 12 ft2 exposed to the test
31、,plus at least a 200-mm 8-in. overlap on all edges. The minimum height or length of the specimen shall be 1.22 m 4 ft. The lengthof the specimen shall be such that at least one head joint in each course of masonry is exposed to the test.FIG. 2 General Arrangement of Water Penetration Testing Chamber
32、 SystemE514/E514M 1438.3 Building Wall SpecimensConstruct the specimen using methods and workmanship being considered for the work (Note2). Build the wall specimen on an inverted steel channel section as shown in Fig. 2 (Note 3).Also, as shown in Fig. 2, build a lowerflashing and upper water trough
33、as described in 8.3.1 and 8.3.2.NOTE 2Standards for masonry construction are contained in the following documents: ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures and ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602TMS 602/ACI 530.1/ASCE 6 Specifications for MasonryStructures.N
34、OTE 3The top of the wall may require bracing to be stable.8.3.1 Install a lower flashing into a mortar joint that is at least one course below the upper water trough. Pass the lower flashingcompletely through the wall, upturn it on the chamber side, and seal with a bead of caulk. Project this lower
35、flashing out from thebackside of the wall with a u or v profile designed to funnel water that passes through the bottom of the wall into a collectiondevice.8.3.2 Install an upper water trough in the bed joint immediately below the bottom of the test chamber. Project the upper watertrough no more tha
36、n 25 mm 1.0 in., or no more than the thickness of a face shell, into a mortar joint on the backside of the wall.Project this upper water trough out from the backside of the wall with a u or v profile designed to funnel water that penetratesthrough the wall above the trough into a separate collection
37、 device.8.4 Number of SpecimensTest at least 3 specimens.8.5 Storage of SpecimensRetain specimens in the laboratory during storage enclosed in an impervious plastic wrapimmediately after construction and cured in this manner for 7 days. After 7 days, remove the wrap and continue curing for at least7
38、 more days in laboratory air.9. Procedure9.1 Apply a 10-mm 38-in. minimum thick coat of mortar parging to all exposed surfaces of the specimen except the back sideof the wall and the area enclosed by the test chamber.9.1.1 For walls constructed with solid units and for walls constructed with hollow
39、units which are filled solid with grout or othermaterials, apply a minimum 10 mm 38 in. thick coat of mortar parging to the top surface of the specimen. For walls with opencells or cavities, seal an impervious material such as a transparent plastic sheet capable of withstanding the test pressure to
40、the topof the wall to prevent evaporation or air movement through the top of the wall. If the top covering is removed to permit viewingor photographing inside these void spaces, do not remove for longer than 10 min per hour of testing.NOTE 4Historically, 10 mm 38 in. thick mortar parging has been us
41、ed as an air and moisture barrier on all exposed surfaces except the backsideof the wall and the area enclosed by the test chamber.Alternative coating materials may be used if they provide resistance to movement of air and moisturethat is the same as or greater than the mortar parging. Research has
42、found that typical parge coats of Specification C270 proportioned mortars have airpermeances in the approximate range of 7.5 10-4 to 7.5 10-3 l/(sm2)1.5 10-4 to 1.5 10-3 ft3/min/ft 2 and water vapor permeances of approximately1400 to 3100 ng/(sm2Pa) 25 to 55 perm. Using a coating as a substitute mat
43、erial may not be appropriate for highly irregular surfaces such as split facearchitectural concrete masonry units because of difficulty of obtaining a seal with the test chamber. In those cases, a 10 mm 38 in. thick parge coat ofmortar provides a smooth surface to facilitate establishment of a seal.
44、NOTE 5A lime and water wash may be brush applied to back face of the wall to make moisture detection easier on dark surfaces. A portland cementand water wash should not be used.9.2 Mounting ChamberPosition the test chamber on the specimen and clamp firmly in place, compressing the gasket orapplying
45、a sealant to form a seal.NOTE 6Too much clamping force could crack the specimen.9.3 Adjust the rate of water application to 138 L/m2 3.4 gal/ft2 of wall per hour.9.4 Simultaneously with the application of water, increase the air pressure within the chamber. If the pressure is not specified,apply a p
46、ressure of 500 Pa 10 lbf/ft2. Supply slightly more air than is needed to maintain pressure and adjust, if necessary, toprevent excessive surge in the water reservoir.9.5 Maintain the specified conditions for a period of not less than 4 h.NOTE 7 Care should be taken in specifying the test duration. T
47、he test should be long enough to permit evaluation of the materials, coatings, design,and workmanship.10. Record of Observation10.1 During the 4 h of testing, make observations at 30-min intervals. If testing is extended beyond 4 h, establish observationintervals beyond 4 h as required to document s
48、pecimen performance. Record the following:10.1.1 Time of appearance of dampness on back of specimen.10.1.2 Time of appearance of first visible water on the back of the specimen.10.1.3 Area of dampness on back of wall expressed as a percent of the chamber area.10.1.4 Total water collected from the up
49、per water trough.10.1.5 Total water collected from the lower flashing.E514/E514M 14411. Retesting11.1 If required, return the specimens to storage and retest at age 28 days or later and re-evaluate.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Description of all materials including coatings, masonry units, mortar materials, and composition of mortar used toconstruct the wall specimens, and their properties as determined by the appropriate standards.12.1.2 Description of specimen w
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