1、Designation: E514/E514M 14aStandard Test Method forWater Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E514/E514M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This laboratory test method2provides a pr
3、ocedure fordetermining the resistance to water penetration and leakagethrough unit masonry subjected to wind-driven rain. This testmethod is not identical to and the results are not the same asfield standard Test Method C1601. This test method measuresthrough-wall water penetration, whereas Test Met
4、hod C1601only measures surface water penetration.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from t
5、he two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica
6、-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specifichazard statement, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit MasonryC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1601 Test Method for Field Determination of Water Pen-etration of Masonry Wall Surfaces2
7、.2 The Masonry Society Standards:4TMS 402/ACI 530ASCE 5 Building Code Requirementsfor Masonry StructuresTMS 602/ACI 530.1ASCE 6 Specifications for MasonryStructures3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 dampness, nvisual change in the appearance of amaterial due to th
8、e presence of water.3.1.2 surface water penetration, npassage of waterthrough the exterior face of the masonry.3.1.3 through-wall water penetration, npassage of waterthrough a wall and appearance of the water on the interior faceof the masonry.3.1.4 water penetration, nwater that passes into orthrou
9、gh the masonry.3.1.5 wind-driven rain, nrain water that is directed againstthe surface of the wall by wind.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,refer to Terminology C1232.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides information that aids inevaluating the effect of four
10、 principal variables: materials,coatings, wall design, and workmanship.4.2 Water penetration and leakage through masonry issignificantly affected by air pressure in the test chamber. Datafrom tests made at different pressures are not comparable.4.3 The performance of a masonry wall is a function ofm
11、aterials, construction, wall design, and maintenance. Inservice the performance will also depend on the rigidity ofsupporting structure and on the resistance of components todeterioration by various causes, such as corrosion, vibration,thermal expansion and contraction, curing, and others. It isimpo
12、ssible to simulate the complex conditions encountered in1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.04 on Research.Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published July 2014. Originally approvedin
13、1974. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E514/E514M 14. DOI:10.1520/E0514_E0514M-14A.2This test method is based upon those used by the National Bureau of Standardsand described in NBS Report BMS7, “Water Permeability of Masonry Walls,” 1933,and NBS Report BMS82, “Water Permeability of Walls B
14、uilt of Masonry Units,”1942.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Published by The Masonry Society
15、, www.masonrysociety.org; American Con-crete Institute, www.aci-int.org; and American Society of Civil Engineers,www.asce.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United St
16、ates1service, such as variations in wind velocity, negative pressure,and lateral or upward moving air and water. Factors such aslocation, exposure, and wall openings should be considered.4.4 Given the complexity of variables noted above, this testmethod establishes comparative behavior between vario
17、usmasonry wall constructions in a given laboratory.4.5 Even when a single laboratory tests the same walldesign utilizing the same wall materials and the same construc-tion practices, variables such as the level of skill of the masonbuilding the specimen, the temperature and humidity in thelaboratory
18、 at the time of construction, curing of the specimen,the moisture contents of the materials used to build thespecimen, and even the use or lack of use of a lime and waterwash on the back of the specimen can affect the results of thetest making reliable comparisons dubious. For these reasonsand the m
19、ulti-variables listed in 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, a meaningful,useful, absolute wall leakage rating standard is impractical anddiscouraged.4.6 This test method is similar to but distinct from field TestMethod C1601. This laboratory test method is designed to testlaboratory fabricated wall specimens. Field
20、 Test MethodC1601 is designed to test in-situ walls. This test methodmeasures the water that has penetrated into and through themasonry specimen and is collected. Test Method C1601determines water penetration of the masonry at its surface.Results from Test Method C1601 and Test Method E514/E514M are
21、 not the same.5. Apparatus5.1 Test ChamberUse a test chamber similar to that shownin Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Provide an opening with a minimum areaof 1.08 m212 ft2. For example, 900 mm 36 in. wide and1200 mm 48 in. high is suitable. Line the edges of thechamber in contact with the specimen with a closed-
22、cellcompressible gasket material or appropriate sealant. Provide anobservation port in the face of the chamber. Provide a 19.0-mm34-in. diameter corrosion-resistant spray pipe with a singleline of 1.0-mm 0.04-in. diameter holes spaced 25.0 mm1 in. apart.5.2 Fixtures and Appurtenances to ChamberFixtu
23、res andappurtenances to the chamber shall include an air line withmanometer, a water line with valves, a flow meter andmanometer and a water drain pipe at the bottom of thechamber. Position the water spray pipe so that the waterimpinges the specimen not more than 75.0 mm 3.00 in. belowthe top of the
24、 test chamber.NOTE 1A drain pipe that discharges into a reservoir equipped with anadjustable depth air outlet pipe and top baffles has been found to reducesurge.5.3 ManometerMeasure the air pressure in the chamberusing a manometer or other device capable of measuring airpressures of at least 51 mm 2
25、.0 in. of water (71.7 kPa10.4 psf) to an accuracy of 2.5 mm 0.1 in. or 3.6 kPa 0.52psf. Connect the manometer or other device to the chamberFIG. 1 Isometric Projection of Testing ChamberE514/E514M 14a2away from the air inlet so that the air flow will not significantlyinfluence the pressure reading.5
26、.4 Other equipment includes devices for handling thespecimen and measuring time, water quantities, temperature,and humidity.6. Hazards6.1 The use of this test method will require careful designconsideration of both air chamber and support of the wallsystem to avoid possible injury due to equipment o
27、r specimenfailure.7. Temperature and Humidity Conditions7.1 Maintain the air in the laboratory at a temperature of 246 8C 75 6 15F and a relative humidity of 55 6 25 %.8. Test Specimens8.1 Masonry MaterialsMasonry and associated materialsshall be representative of the construction or the materials t
28、hatare being considered. Precondition all materials by storing inlaboratory environment for not less than 5 days before use.8.2 Size of Test WallsThe height and length of the speci-men shall provide a minimum of 1.08 m212 ft2 exposed tothe test, plus at least a 200-mm 8-in. overlap on all edges. The
29、minimum height or length of the specimen shall be 1.22 m 4ft. The length of the specimen shall be such that at least onehead joint in each course of masonry is exposed to the test.8.3 Building Wall SpecimensConstruct the specimen us-ing methods and workmanship being considered for the work(Note 2).
30、Build the wall specimen on an inverted steel channelsection as shown in Fig. 2 (Note 3). Also, as shown in Fig. 2,build a lower flashing and upper water trough as described in8.3.1 and 8.3.2.NOTE 2Standards for masonry construction are contained in thefollowing documents: TMS 402/ACI 530 ASCE 5 Buil
31、ding Code Re-quirements for Masonry Structures and TMS 602/ACI 530.1 ASCE 6Specifications for Masonry Structures.NOTE 3The top of the wall may require bracing to be stable.8.3.1 Install a lower flashing into a mortar joint that is atleast one course below the upper water trough. Pass the lowerflashi
32、ng completely through the wall, upturn it on the chamberside, and seal with a bead of caulk. Project this lower flashingout from the backside of the wall with a u or v profile designedto funnel water that passes through the bottom of the wall intoa collection device.8.3.2 Install an upper water trou
33、gh in the bed joint imme-diately below the bottom of the test chamber. Project the upperwater trough no more than 25 mm 1.0 in., or no more than thethickness of a face shell, into a mortar joint on the backside ofthe wall. Project this upper water trough out from the backsideof the wall with a u or
34、v profile designed to funnel water thatpenetrates through the wall above the trough into a separatecollection device.8.4 Number of SpecimensTest at least 3 specimens.8.5 Storage of SpecimensRetain specimens in the labora-tory during storage enclosed in an impervious plastic wrapimmediately after con
35、struction and cured in this manner for 7days. After 7 days, remove the wrap and continue curing for atleast 7 more days in laboratory air.FIG. 2 General Arrangement of Water Penetration Testing Chamber SystemE514/E514M 14a39. Procedure9.1 Apply a 10-mm 38-in. minimum thick coat of mortarparging to a
36、ll exposed surfaces of the specimen except the backside of the wall and the area enclosed by the test chamber.9.1.1 For walls constructed with solid units and for wallsconstructed with hollow units which are filled solid with groutor other materials, apply a minimum 10 mm 38 in. thick coatof mortar
37、parging to the top surface of the specimen. For wallswith open cells or cavities, seal an impervious material such asa transparent plastic sheet capable of withstanding the testpressure to the top of the wall to prevent evaporation or airmovement through the top of the wall. If the top covering isre
38、moved to permit viewing or photographing inside these voidspaces, do not remove for longer than 10 min per hour oftesting.NOTE 4Historically, 10 mm 38 in. thick mortar parging has beenused as an air and moisture barrier on all exposed surfaces except thebackside of the wall and the area enclosed by
39、the test chamber.Alternativecoating materials may be used if they provide resistance to movement ofair and moisture that is the same as or greater than the mortar parging.Research has found that typical parge coats of Specification C270proportioned mortars have air permeances in the approximate rang
40、e of 7.510-4to 7.5 10-3l/(sm2)1.5 10-4to 1.5 10-3ft3/min/ft2 and watervapor permeances of approximately 1400 to 3100 ng/(sm2Pa) 25 to 55perm. Using a coating as a substitute material may not be appropriate forhighly irregular surfaces such as split face architectural concrete masonryunits because of
41、 difficulty of obtaining a seal with the test chamber. Inthose cases, a 10 mm 38 in. thick parge coat of mortar provides a smoothsurface to facilitate establishment of a seal.NOTE 5A lime and water wash may be brush applied to back face ofthe wall to make moisture detection easier on dark surfaces.
42、A portlandcement and water wash should not be used.9.2 Mounting ChamberPosition the test chamber on thespecimen and clamp firmly in place, compressing the gasket orapplying a sealant to form a seal.NOTE 6Too much clamping force could crack the specimen.9.3 Adjust the rate of water application to 138
43、 L/m23.4gal/ft2 of wall per hour.9.4 Simultaneously with the application of water, increasethe air pressure within the chamber. If the pressure is notspecified, apply a pressure of 500 Pa 10 lbf/ft2. Supplyslightly more air than is needed to maintain pressure andadjust, if necessary, to prevent exce
44、ssive surge in the waterreservoir.9.5 Maintain the specified conditions for a period of not lessthan 4 h.NOTE 7 Care should be taken in specifying the test duration. The testshould be long enough to permit evaluation of the materials, coatings,design, and workmanship.10. Record of Observation10.1 Du
45、ring the4hoftesting, make observations at 30-minintervals. If testing is extended beyond 4 h, establish observa-tion intervals beyond4hasrequired to document specimenperformance. Record the following:10.1.1 Time of appearance of dampness on back of speci-men.10.1.2 Time of appearance of first visibl
46、e water on the backof the specimen.10.1.3 Area of dampness on back of wall expressed as apercent of the chamber area.10.1.4 Total water collected from the upper water trough.10.1.5 Total water collected from the lower flashing.11. Retesting11.1 If required, return the specimens to storage and retest
47、 atage 28 days or later and re-evaluate.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Description of all materials including coatings, ma-sonry units, mortar materials, and composition of mortar usedto construct the wall specimens, and their properties asdetermined by the appropriate standa
48、rds.12.1.2 Description of specimen wall design and details ofconstruction. Include photographs and drawings as necessary.12.1.3 If an alternative air and moisture barrier material isused as a substitute for the mortar parging at the sides and frontof the test specimen, provide the type, minimum appl
49、iedthickness, manufacturer, and brand name of the substitutionmaterial.12.1.4 Detailed description of the quality of workmanshipused in construction of test specimens.12.1.5 Conditions of test.12.1.6 Record of observations as required in Section 9.12.1.7 Record of temperature and humidity in the laboratoryduring construction, curing, and test periods.12.1.8 Age of test specimen at the time of test, and re-test,if applicable.13. Precision and Bias13.1 No statement is made either on the precisi
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