1、Designation: E 529 04Standard Guide forConducting Flexural Tests on Beams and Girders forBuilding Construction1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 529; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the flexural testin
3、g of beams andgirders under simulated service conditions to determine theirstructural performance characteristics. Methods following thisguide are intended primarily for constructions that may notconform with the relatively simple assumptions upon whichwell-known flexural theories are based. In some
4、 cases, they arealso suitable for determining the structural adequacy of thedesign, materials, connections, and fabrication techniques. Themethods are not intended for use in routine quality controltests.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with
5、 its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautionary statement, see 7.1.2. Referenced Document2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 575 Practice for Repo
6、rting Data from Structural Tests ofBuilding Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As-sembliesE 631 Terminology for Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer toTerminology E 631.4. Significance4.1 This guide provides a general procedure for cond
7、uctingflexural load tests on beams and girders of all types. Strength,stiffness, creep, or other useful properties may be obtained.When round-robin tests are to be conducted, a standardized setof procedures conforming to this guide should be agreed uponby the participants prior to testing to ensure
8、a uniform basis forcomparison.5. Types of Tests5.1 The flexural test is categorized as either a proof test oran ultimate load test. A proof test is intended to give assurancethat the member will support a certain minimum short-termload, or to determine the deflection and recovery resulting fromthe a
9、pplication and removal of such a load. In carrying on a testto failure (ultimate load), more detailed information can beobtained, such as the proportional limit, yield point, ultimatecapacity, mode of failure, load-deflection characteristics, andthe adequacy of connectors and connections.5.2 Both la
10、boratory and field tests are acceptable.5.3 The types of tests described above apply to beamssubjected to short-term static loads. If cyclic, dynamic, orlong-term sustained load tests are undertaken, care should betaken to ensure that procedures are consistent, that the testsetup is reliable, and th
11、at load points cannot shift betweencycles or impacts.6. Apparatus6.1 Loading method, type of test equipment, type of instru-mentation, and so forth, are not specified, but are discussed ingeneral terms, with the final choices being left to the discretionof the testing agency or controlling regulator
12、y body.7. Safety Precautions7.1 Tests of this type can be dangerous. Equipment andfacilities must be designed with ample safety factors to assurethat it is the specimen that fails and not the test apparatus orfacilities. Observers and sensitive instrumentation must be keptaway from beams when loadin
13、g to failure or in a range whereperformance is unknown. Gravity loading with concreteblocks, metal bars, sand, or similar materials can be veryhazardous at failure as collapse may be sudden and complete.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Building Constructio
14、ns and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.11on Horizontl and Vertical Structures/Structural Performance of Completed Struc-tures.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 529 94 (1998)e1.2For re
15、ferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, W
16、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.8. Number of Tests8.1 The number of like beams required for the tests willvary with the desired accuracy and reliability of the informa-tion to be obtained and with the purpose of the tests. Thenumber chosen should be compatible with the purpose of thet
17、ests and agreeable to all parties concerned regarding thesignificance of the results. However, no fewer than twoidentical tests should be performed.9. Test Specimen9.1 Specimens shall be typical of those anticipated inservice or as required for the purpose of the tests. Materials,fabrication, fasten
18、ers, connections, and so forth shall be repre-sentative. If the materials used require time to come to fullstrength, sufficient time shall be allowed between fabricationand testing for proper curing. This period of time will varybetween materials but should be no less than that specified byapplicabl
19、e building codes or in the manufacturers recommen-dations.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Test Set-up:10.1.1 Loads are applied using a testing machine, hydraulicrams, dead weights, or by other appropriate means. Set-upsmay be designed to test the specimens either horizontally orvertically. It is re
20、commended that the specimens be tested inthe same position as assumed in the design. Regardless of theposition of the member in the test fixture, the loading apparatusmust be capable of applying the same forces, shears, andmoments that the actual member in its proposed usage isintended to resist.10.
21、1.2 Provide supports that are capable of carrying thereactions without significant deformation or lateral movement.They are to be typical of those anticipated in service, or asrequired to satisfy the purpose of the tests. If the expectedservice conditions are unknown, provide supports that simulatet
22、he most stringent conditions likely to occur, or that wouldinduce the most critical effects on the specimens.10.1.3 Weigh materials used for gravity loading to anaccuracy of 61 %. Other types of loading equipment shall becapable of applying loads with similar accuracy.10.2 Instrumentation and Measur
23、ement:10.2.1 Calibrate instrumentation and load-measuring de-vices to 61 % accuracy. In some indirect methods of loadmeasurement, the load on the beam and that indicated may notbe quite the same. Better accuracy in load determination isobtained when the magnitude is directly indicated. This can bedo
24、ne by the use of proving rings or load cells at the reactionsor at the points of loading, or by adequate mechanical orelectronic devices.10.2.2 Deformation Readings:10.2.2.1 Deformation readings can be obtained in a numberof ways. One of the simplest methods is by use of a taut wireplaced along the
25、length of the beam. When a taut wire is used,the mountings for the wire should be above the two endsupports on the beam at or close to the neutral axis. Maintaina reasonably constant tension on the wire by means of pulleysand weights, springs, or by other suitable means. Take readingsfrom a scale an
26、d mirror attached to the beam at the measure-ment points. Read the scale by lining up the taut wire with itsreflection in the mirror.10.2.2.2 Other common methods of measuring deforma-tions involve the use of micrometer dial gages or linearvariable differential transformers attached to a suitable re
27、fer-ence bar and bearing at the desired points on the beam. Mountthe reference bar for supporting the deflection-measuringapparatus on the beam above the two end supports at or closeto the neutral axis. Deformations can also be determined byusing a surveyors level and reading scales attached to theb
28、eam. In all cases, the method used shall compensate for anysettlement of the reaction supports.10.2.3 Strain readings can be taken by any of the manystrain indicators and gaging systems commercially available.Follow a consistent procedure in taking strain readings toensure results that will produce
29、reliable stress-strain data.NOTE 1The use of strain gages on wood beams should be approachedwith great caution. Local variation in the stiffness of wood can cause asignificant difference between the strain measured on the surface of thebeam and the true strain through the entire beam depth.11. Loadi
30、ng Procedure11.1 Support, brace laterally, and load the beam in a mannerthat closely simulates service conditions or satisfies the intentof the test.11.2 Before the test is begun, document any defects or otherexisting characteristics that could be confused as being causedby the test.11.3 Apply and r
31、emove the load or loads in equal incre-ments or continuously and at as uniform a rate a possible.Record the load, load rate, deformations, and other desired dataat each increment or decrement. Choose the load intervals sothat sufficient measurements can be made to develop a satis-factory load-deform
32、ation or stress-strain curve. Usually thiscan be achieved when each of the increments of load does notexceed 20 % of the service dead plus live load. This shouldprovide approximately ten or more points on the load versusdeformation curve at failure. Select a rate of load applicationthat is consisten
33、t with the purpose of the tests. When loads areapplied by a testing machine, either a constant rate of loadingor constant rate of straining is used.11.4 Except in the instance of impact tests, after eachincrement of load is applied, maintain the load level at asconstant a level as possible for a per
34、iod of 5 min (see Note 2).11.4.1 Take deformation readings as soon as practical afterload application, at the end of the 5-min period under constantload, and immediately and at the end of the 5-min period afterany partial or complete load release. Plot initial and 5-minreadings in the form of load-d
35、eformation curves. Maintaincomplete load-deformation-time records throughout the test.11.4.2 If application of a given load is required for a certainperiod, such as 24 h, take deformation readings at the begin-ning, and at equal intervals during this period, to allow thesatisfactory plotting of a ti
36、me-deformation curve for thecomplete period.NOTE 2Reasons for the 5-min application of constant-level incrementloads are as follows:E529042(1) To permit the assembly to come to a substantial rest prior to takingthe second set of readings. (Depending upon the method employed forapplying the test load
37、, it may be necessary to continue, at a reduced rate,the motion of the loading device in order to maintain the constant loadlevel during the 5-min period.)(2) To provide sufficient time for making all observations. (Longer timeintervals may be required under certain conditions.)(3) To observe any ti
38、me-dependent deformation or load redistributionor both, and to record accurately the load level when time-dependentdeformation starts, that is, at the divergence of the immediate and delayedload-deformation curves. This load level may, under certain conditions,have an important bearing on the design
39、 load.(4) To be able to stop the test, if this should be desirable, prior to totalfailure or after initial failure has been anticipated as a result of theobservations.(5) To assure uniformity in test performance and consistency in testresults.11.5 Note and record visual and audible signs of distress
40、 inthe beam, any deformation at connections and joints, and themode of failure. Make a photographic record of the failuremade and other noteworthy events.11.6 Auxiliary TestsTo aid in the interpretation of theresults, it is generally desirable and in many cases mandatoryto determine the inherent pro
41、perties of the materials, fasten-ings, and connectors used in the specimens. Perform allauxiliary tests in accordance with applicable ASTM standards.12. Report12.1 The report shall conform to Practice E 575.13. Precision and Bias13.1 No statement is made on the precision or on the bias oftest method
42、s based on this guide, since no standard set ofprocedures is specified.14. Keywords14.1 beams; flexural test; girdersASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly
43、advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, eit
44、her reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend
45、. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E529043
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