1、Designation: E 547 00Standard Test Method forWater Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors,and Curtain Walls by Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-tance of exter
3、ior windows, curtain walls, skylights, and doorsto water penetration when water is applied to the outdoor faceand exposed edges simultaneously with a cyclic static airpressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at theindoor face.1.2 This test method is applicable to any curtain-wall area o
4、rto windows, skylights, or doors alone.1.3 This test method addresses water penetration through amanufactured assembly. Water that penetrates the assembly,but does not result in a failure as defined herein, may haveadverse effects on the performance of contained materials suchas sealants and insulat
5、ing or laminated glass. This test methoddoes not address these issues.1.4 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledgeof the principles of pressure measurement.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound equivalents of SI units may beapproximate.1.6
6、 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific haza
7、rdstatements see 7.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions23. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms relating tobuilding construction used in this test method, see TerminologyE 631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
8、3.2.1 specimen, nthe entire assembled unit submitted fortest as described in Section 8.3.2.2 test pressure difference, nthe specified difference instatic air pressure across the closed and locked or fixedspecimen expressed as pascals (lbf/ft2).3.2.3 water penetration, npenetration of water beyond ap
9、lane parallel to the glazing (the vertical plane) intersecting theinnermost projection of the test specimen, not includinginterior trim and hardware, under the specified conditions of airpressure difference across the specimen. For products withnon-planer glazing surfaces (domes, vaults, pyramids, e
10、tc.) theplane defining water penetration is the plane defined by theinnermost edges of the unit frame.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of sealing the test specimeninto or against one face of a test chamber, and supplying air toor exhausting air from the chamber at the rate requ
11、ired tomaintain the test pressure difference across the specimen forthe time cycle specified, while spraying water onto the outdoorface of the specimen at the required rate and observing anywater penetration.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determiningthe resis
12、tance to water penetration under cyclic static airpressure differences. The air-pressure differences acting acrossa building envelope vary greatly. These factors should be fullyconsidered prior to specifying the test pressure difference to beused.NOTE 1In applying the results of tests by this test m
13、ethod, note thatthe performance of a wall or its components, or both, may be a functionof proper installation and adjustment. In service, the performance will alsodepend on the rigidity of supporting construction and on the resistance ofcomponents to deterioration by various causes, vibration, therm
14、al expan-sion and contraction, etc. It is difficult to simulate the identical complexwetting conditions that can be encountered in service, with large wind-blown water drops, increasing water drop impact pressures with increas-ing wind velocity, and lateral or upward moving air and water. Somedesign
15、s are more sensitive than others to this upward moving water.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51on Component Performance of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors.Current edition approved Oct.
16、 10, 2000. Published December 2000. Originallypublished as E 547 75. Last previous edition E 547 96.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 2This test method does not identify un
17、observable liquid waterwhich may penetrate into the test specimen.6. Apparatus6.1 The description of apparatus in this section is general innature, and any arrangement of equipment capable of perform-ing the test procedure within the allowable tolerances ispermitted.6.2 Major Components (Fig. 1):6.2
18、.1 Test Chamber or box with an opening, a removablemounting panel, or one open side in which or against which thespecimen is installed and sealed.At least one static pressure tapshall be provided to measure the chamber pressure, and shallbe so located that the reading is unaffected by the velocity o
19、fthe air supply to or from the chamber. The air supply openinginto the chamber shall be arranged so that the air does notimpinge directly on the test specimen with any significantvelocity. A means of access into the chamber may be providedto facilitate adjustments and observations after the specimen
20、has been installed.6.2.2 Air SystemA controllable blower, compressed airsupply, exhaust system, or reversible blower designed toprovide the required maximum air-pressure difference acrossthe specimen. The system must provide essentially constant airflow at a fixed pressure for the required test peri
21、od.6.2.3 Pressure-Measuring ApparatusA device to measurethe test pressure difference within a tolerance of 62%or62.5Pa (60.01 in. of water column), whichever is greater6.2.4 Water-Spray System:6.2.4.1 The water-spray system shall deliver water uni-formly against the exterior surface of the test spec
22、imen at aminimum rate of 3.4 L/m2 min (5.0 U.S. gal/ft2 h).6.2.4.2 The water-spray system shall have nozzles spacedon a uniform grid, located at a uniform distance from the testspecimen, and shall be adjustable to provide the specifiedquantity of water in such a manner as to wet all of the testspeci
23、men uniformly and to wet those areas vulnerable to waterpenetration. If additional nozzles are required to provideNOTE 1For a negative pressure system, the water-spray grid would be located outside the chamber and the air supply would be replaced by anair-exhaust system.FIG. 1 General Arrangement of
24、 the Water Leakage Apparatus Positive Chamber SystemE547002uniformity of water spray at the edge of the test specimen, theyshall be equally spaced around the entire spray grid.7. Hazards7.1 WarningGlass breakage will not normally occur atthe small pressure differences applied in this test. Excessive
25、pressure differences may occur, however, due to error inoperation or when the apparatus is used for other purposes suchas structural testing; therefore, exercise adequate precautions toprotect personnel.8. Test Specimens8.1 Test specimens shall be of sufficient size to determinethe performance of al
26、l typical parts of the fenestration system.For curtain walls or walls constructed with prefabricated units,the specimen width shall be not less than two typical units plusthe connections and supporting elements at both sides, andsufficient to provide full loading on at least one typical verticaljoin
27、t or framing member, or both. The height shall be not lessthan the full building-story height or the height of the unit,whichever is greater, and shall include at least one fullhorizontal joint accommodating vertical expansion such jointbeing at or near the bottom of the specimen, and all connec-tio
28、ns at the top and bottom of the units.8.1.1 All parts of the test specimen shall be full size, usingthe same materials, details, and methods of construction andanchorage as used on the actual building.8.1.2 Conditions of structural support shall be simulated asaccurately as possible.8.2 Window, skyl
29、ight, door, or other component test speci-mens shall consist of the entire assembled unit, including frameand anchorage as supplied by the manufacturer for installationin the building.8.2.1 If only one specimen is to be tested, the selection shallbe determined by the specifying authority.NOTE 3It sh
30、ould be recognized, especially with windows, that per-formance is likely to be a function of size and geometry. Therefore, selectspecimens covering the range of sizes to be used in a building. In general,the largest size of a particular design, type, construction, and configurationto be used should
31、be tested.9. Calibration9.1 The ability of the test apparatus to meet the require-ments of 6.2.4 shall be checked by using a catch box, the openface of which shall be located at the position of the face of thetest specimen. The calibration device is illustrated in Fig. 2.The catch box shall be desig
32、ned to receive only waterimpinging on the plane of the test specimen face and to excludeall run-off water from above. The box shall be 610 mm (24 in.)square, divided into four areas each 305 mm (12 in.) square.Use a cover approximately 760 mm (30 in.) square to preventwater from entering the calibra
33、tion box before and after thetimed observation interval. The water impinging on each areashall be captured separately. A spray that provides at least 1.26L/min (20 gal/h) total for the four areas and not less than 0.25L/min (4 gal/h) nor more than 0.63 L/min (10 gal/h) in any onesquare shall be acce
34、ptable.9.1.1 The water-spray system shall be calibrated at bothupper corners and at the quarter point of the horizontal centerline (of the spray system). If a number of identical, contiguous,modular spray systems are used, only one module need becalibrated. The system shall be calibrated with the ca
35、tch boxesat a distance within 651 mm (2 in.) of the test specimenlocation from the nozzle. The reference point for location of thespray system from the specimen shall be measured from theexterior glazing surface of the specimen farthest from the spraysystem nozzles. The water spray rack shall be ins
36、talled parallelto the plane of the specimen. Recalibrate at intervals of notmore than 6 months.10. Information Required10.1 The test-pressure difference or differences at whichwater penetration is to be determined, unless otherwise speci-fied, shall be 137 Pa (2.86 lbf/ft2).10.2 Unless otherwise spe
37、cified, failure criteria of this testmethod shall be defined as water penetration in accordancewith 3.2.3. Failure also occurs whenever water penetratesFIG. 2 Catch Box for Calibrating Water-Spray SystemE547003through the perimeter frame of the test specimen. Watercontained within drained flashing,
38、gutters, and sills is notconsidered failure.10.3 The periods of time during which the specimen is to besubjected to pressure difference(s) shall be specified.10.3.1 In no case shall there be less than two test cycles, andno cycle shall be less than 5 min in duration.10.3.2 In no case shall the total
39、 time of pressure applicationbe less than 15 min.10.4 If this test method is to be used at other than ambienttemperatures, such temperature conditions shall be specified.11. Procedure11.1 Remove any sealing material or construction that is notnormally a part of the assembly as installed in or on a b
40、uilding.Fit the specimen into or against the chamber opening with theoutdoor side of the specimen facing both the high pressure sideof the chamber and the water spray, and in such a manner thatno joints or openings are obstructed. Skylight specimens shallbe tested at the minimum angle from the horiz
41、ontal for whichthey are designed to be installed. Seal the outer perimeter of thespecimen to the chamber wall and seal at no other points.NOTE 4Nonhardening mastic compounds or pressure-sensitive tapecan be used effectively to seal the test specimen to the chamber opening,to seal the access door to
42、the chamber, and to achieve airtightness in theconstruction of the chamber. These materials can be used to seal a separatemounting panel to the chamber. Rubber gaskets with clamping devicesmay also be used for this purpose provided that the gasket is highlyflexible and has a thin contact edge.11.2 W
43、ithout disturbing the seal between the specimen andthe test chamber, adjust all operable units included in the testspecimen so that their operation conforms to the specificationrequirements. Adjust all hardware for maximum tightnesswithout interfering with their operation.11.3 Submit each operable u
44、nit to five cycles of opening,closing, and locking prior to testing.11.4 Adjust the water spray to the specified rate.11.5 Apply the air pressure difference within 15 s andmaintain this pressure, along with the specified rate of waterspray, for the period of time stipulated by the specification orsp
45、ecifier.11.6 While maintaining the water spray, reduce the airpressure difference to zero for a period of not less than 1 min.11.7 Repeat procedure in 11.5 and 11.6 for the specifiednumber of cycles.11.8 At the conclusion of the required number of cycles (see10.3.1) remove the air-pressure differenc
46、e and stop the waterspray.11.9 Observe and record the points of water penetration, ifany.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Dates of test and of report.12.1.2 Identification of the specimen (manufacturer, sourceof supply, dimensions, model, type, materials, and otherpertinent inf
47、ormation).12.1.3 Detailed drawings of the specimen that provide adescription of the physical characteristics, including dimen-sioned section profiles, sash or door dimensions and arrange-ment, framing location, panel arrangement, installation andspacing of anchorage, weatherstripping, locking arrang
48、ement,hardware, sealants, glazing details, angle from the horizontalfor skylights, and any other pertinent construction details. Anymodifications made on the specimen to obtain the reportedvalues shall be noted on the drawings.12.1.4 For window, skylight, and door components, a de-scription of the l
49、ocking and operating mechanism.12.1.5 Identification of glass thickness and type, andmethod of glazing.12.1.6 Type or types of weatherstrip.12.1.7 A statement or tabulation of pressure difference ordifferences exerted across the specimen and temperature duringthe test, number and duration of pressure difference applica-tions, and water application rates during the test.12.1.8 A record of all points of water penetration on theindoor face of the specimen, and of water penetration asdefined in 3.2.3.12.1.9 When the tests are made to check the conformity ofthe specimen to a
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