1、Designation: E564 06 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Practice forStatic Load Test for Shear Resistance of Framed Walls forBuildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E564; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes methods for evaluating the shearcapacity of a typical section of a framed wall, s
3、upported on arigid foundation and having load applied in the plane of thewall along the edge opposite the rigid support and in a directionparallel to it. The objective is to provide a determination of theshear stiffness and strength of any structural light-frame wallconfiguration to be used as a she
4、ar-wall on a rigid support.1.2 LimitationsThis practice is not intended to be used asa basis for classifying sheathing shear capacity or as anevaluation of combined flexure and shear resulting from thewall being loaded on a flexible foundation.1.2.1 The effect of sheathing variations is assessed byh
5、olding all other variables constant. Permitted variations inframing configuration and boundary conditions, however, re-quire accurate documentation of the test setup to validateacross-study comparisons of sheathing contribution to wallshear capacity.NOTE 1A wall tested on a flexible foundation is ev
6、aluated bycomparing shear stiffness and strength results to those of an identical walltested on a rigid foundation, following this practice. However, no methodsare given for the measurement of wall bending displacements or assess-ment of stress distribution resulting from foundation flexure.Any extr
7、apo-lation of wall racking behavior from the foundation conditions specifiedby this practice to flexible conditions shall be done with the support of acomparative test on a representative foundation.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are
8、mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
9、 safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests ofBuilding Constructions, Elements, Connection
10、s, and As-sembliesE631 Terminology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 DefintionsFor definitions of terms used in thisstandard, see Terminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 rackingwhen applied to shear walls, refers to thetendency for a wall frame to distort f
11、rom rectangular torhomboid under the action of an in-plane force applied parallelto the wall length.3.2.2 shear wallstructural subassembly that acts as acantilever/diaphragm to transfer horizontal building loads tothe foundation in the form of horizontal shear and an overturn-ing moment.3.2.3 uplift
12、the vertical displacement measured at theloaded end stud with respect to the test apparatus.3.3 Symbols:3.3.1 aheight of cantilevered shear wall, in metres (feet).3.3.2 blength of cantilevered shear wall, in metres (feet).3.3.3 Cinitial length of the diagonal =a21b2, in metres(feet).3.3.4 diagonal e
13、longation, in millimetres (inches).3.3.5 total horizontal displacement of the top of the wallmeasured with respect to the test apparatus, in millimetres(inches). This value includes effects due to panel rotation,translation, and shear.3.3.6 Gglobal shear stiffness of the assembly, includesrotation a
14、nd translational displacements as well as diaphragmshear displacement.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.11 onHorizontal and Vertical Structures/Structural Performance of Completed Structure
15、s.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published October 2012. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E564 06. DOI:10.1520/E0564-06R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
16、 Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.3.7 Gintinternal shear stiffness of the assembly, includesonly the shear disp
17、lacement of the wall in calculation.3.3.8 Pconcentrated load applied at the top edge of thewall at the selected reference displacement, in newtons (pound-force).3.3.9 Puhighest load level held long enough to recordgage measurements, in newtons (pound-force).3.3.10 Suultimate shear strength of the as
18、sembly, in new-tons per metre (pounds per foot).4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is used to determine static load capacityand deflection of framed wall sections. This practice is used toestablish a load deflection curve. It is used to evaluate variousframed systems representative of those in
19、tended for use inactual building constructions.5. Summary of Practice5.1 The shear strength and stiffness of a wall assembly andits connections are determined by forcing a racking deforma-tion. This is accomplished by anchoring the bottom edge of thewall assembly and applying a force to the top edge
20、 orientedperpendicular to the wall height dimension and parallel to thewall length dimension. Wall distortion is restricted to the planeof the unstressed wall. The forces required to rack the wall andthe corresponding displacements at each load interval aremeasured.6. Wall Test Assembly6.1 GeneralA
21、wall assembly consists of frame elementsincluding any diagonal bracing members or otherreinforcements, sheathing elements, and connections. The wallassembly tested in accordance with this practice shall representthe minimum acceptable stiffness using the targeted frame andsheathing materials.6.2 Con
22、nectionsThe performance of the wall test assem-bly is influenced by the type and spacing of framingconnections, sheathing-to-frame connections and the wall as-sembly anchorage connection to the test fixture, floor, orfoundation.6.2.1 All connections used in the test shall be representativeof those u
23、sed in the actual building construction.6.2.2 Connector size and location on the frame shall corre-spond to specifications.6.3 Frame RequirementsThe frame is an integral part ofthe wall test assembly. The test wall shall consist of the samenumber, size, and grade of framing members as are intended t
24、obe used in service.6.4 Test SetupProvisions shall be made to resist rigid-body rotation in the plane of the wall where this reflects the useof the assembly in actual building constructions. This shall bedone by application of relevant gravity or other loadingssimultaneously with the racking loads.
25、The bottom of theassembly shall be attached to the test base with anchorageconnections simulating those that will be used in service. Loaddistribution along the top edge of the wall shall simulate flooror roof members that will be used in the actual buildingconstruction. When required to minimize di
26、stortion,reinforcement, such as a strong-back attached along the lengthof the top plate or a steel bearing plate attached to the end ofthe top plate shall be installed. The wall test assembly shall belaterally supported along its top with rollers or equivalentmeans so as to restrict assembly displac
27、ement outside the planeof loading. Lateral support rigidity shall not exceed thatprovided in the actual building construction.6.5 Wall SizeTest wall size will vary with the studyobjectives. Tests conducted to assess the structural perfor-mance of actual building construction shall have dimensionscom
28、mensurate with those of the shear walls being simulated.6.6 Curing and ConditioningFor framed wall construc-tions containing elements whose structural performance is afunction of age, curing conditions, moisture content, ortemperature, the wall test assembly shall be conditioned priorto the test in
29、accordance with the appropriate voluntaryconsensus standards, manufacturer specifications, or industrycuring practices for the various products used, or as needed tomeet the intent of the test. Care shall be taken to ensure thatcuring and conditioning are representative of that expected inthe actual
30、 building construction and that all elements of thewall test assembly at the time of the test are approximately atthe equilibrium conditions expected in service.6.7 Environmental EffectWhen required to evaluate wallassembly performance for simulated environmental conditions,preconditioned specimens
31、shall be tested in an environmentalchamber.7. Procedure7.1 Number of TestsTest a minimum of two wall assem-blies to determine the shear capacity of a given construction.For unsymmetrical shear walls, run the second test with thespecimen orientation reversed with respect to the direction ofthe load a
32、pplication used in the first test. If the strength or shearstiffness of the second test is not within 15 % of the results ofthe first test, test a third wall assembly with the wall orientedin the same manner as the weaker of the two test values. Thestrength and stiffness values reported shall be the
33、 average ofthe two weakest specimen values if three or more tests areperformed.7.2 Loading Procedure:7.2.1 GeneralRacking loads shall be applied parallel toand at the top of the wall, in the central plane of the frame,using a hydraulic jack or similar loading device capable ofmaintaining a constant
34、displacement rate for continuous load tofailure or holding a static load in the case of incrementalloading. Loads shall be applied at a constant rate of displace-ment to reach the target limit (that is, limiting displacement ofultimate load) in no less than 5 min.7.2.2 Gravity loads, when required,
35、shall be applied alongthe top of the wall in a manner consistent with floor or roofframe loading.7.2.3 Static Load TestMaintain the duration of load appli-cation at each increment at least 1 min before load andE564 06 (2012)2deflection readings are recorded. Apply preload of approxi-mately 10 % of e
36、stimated ultimate load and hold for 5 min toseat all connections. Remove the load, wait 5 min, and read allgages as the initial readings. At load levels approximately onethird and two thirds of the estimated ultimate load, remove theload and record the recovery of the wall after 5 min. Reload tothe
37、next higher load level above the backoff load. Continueloading and unloading in this manner until ultimate load isreached.7.3 Data AcquisitionThe objectives of a study determinethe data required from this test. These generally includequantification of the shear strength and stiffness of the walldiap
38、hragm. Shear strength is denoted as the maximum load perunit length of the wall. Shear stiffness requires measurement ofthe racking load and corresponding shear displacement. Shearstrain is determined as the angular displacement (/a, see Fig.1).7.3.1 Racking load shall be monitored using either the
39、linepressure to a calibrated loading ram or a load cell mounted inseries with the loading device. When load measurement isaccomplished by monitoring hydraulic line pressure, the loadversus pressure calibration shall have been developed at thesame, or greater, hydraulic flow rate as occurs in the tes
40、t toreduce chances of overestimating load due to drag effects. Theloading measurement shall be accurate to 61 % of themaximum measured load. The load measuring instrumentationshall be calibrated in accordance with Practices E4.7.3.2 Displacement MeasurementsShear displacementmeasurement of a wall fr
41、ame shall be accurate to 0.25 mm(0.01 in.). Two approaches to estimating the shear stiffness areprovided in this practice: direct measurement and that esti-mated by measuring the diagonal elongation of the frame.7.3.3 Direct MeasurementFour (numbered in Fig. 2) dis-placement measurements are used to
42、 evaluate shear deforma-tion by the direct measurement. The measurement is compli-cated by the fact that the assembly tends to rotate and translateas a rigid body, as the frame is deformed from a rectangle to askewed parallelogram. In addition, the individual elements ofthe shear diaphragm rotate wi
43、th respect to the frame as theshear load is applied.7.3.3.1 Slip at the BaseFor this reading, the displacementis measured at the centroid of the bottom plate with respect tothe test machine in a direction parallel to the length of the wall.7.3.3.2 Uplift of the Stud at the Loaded EndThe distancewhic
44、h the bottom of the stud at the loaded end of the wall islifted off the base of the test machine indicates the degree ofrigid body rotation. This displacement divided by the horizon-tal distance along the base from the vertical-displacement-measurement reference point to the opposite end of the bott
45、omplate is the tangent of the angle of rotation of the wall. As theend stud is rotating as well as being lifted, the uplift readingshall be taken as close as possible to the centerline of the stud.7.3.3.3 Top Plate Horizontal DisplacementThismeasurement, taken at the centroid of the top plate, gives
46、 totalhorizontal displacement at Point 3, as shown in Fig. 2, due toa combination of rigid body rotation, horizontal translation ofNOTE 1Horizontal shear displacement calculated on the basis of thediagonal elongation simplifies the test by eliminating the need to measurerigid body rotation and horiz
47、ontal translation of the wall.C1!25 b1!21a22 2!substituting:a21b25 c2gives:2 c 122 2 b 5 0and: 52 c 12!2 bFIG. 1 Horizontal MeasurementNOTE 1The horizontal load is measured using a load cell in serieswith the loading ram. Wall shear displacement is determined using eitherfour gages to separate shear
48、 from uplift, rotation, and horizontal slip of thewall or by measuring diagonal elongation to measure wall rackingdeformation directly. To restrain rigid-body rotation, apply boundaryconditions to simulate those that control wall performance in service.FIG. 2 Test Wall ConfigurationE564 06 (2012)3th
49、e entire wall, and shear deformation. Subtracting the dis-placement at Point 1 from the measured horizontal displace-ment of Point 3 and dividing by the stud length plus one platethickness approximates the angle of rotation of the end stud.7.3.3.4 Vertical Displacement at the Toe of the Wall WithReference to the BaseSubtracting this value from displace-ment Number 2 and dividing by the distance between thereference points of the two displacements gives anothermethod for estimating the walls rigid body displacement.(1) The diag
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