ASTM E603-2007 Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments《房屋防火实验标准指南》.pdf

1、Designation: E 603 07An American National StandardStandard Guide forRoom Fire Experiments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 603; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe

2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide has been written to assist those planning to conduct full-scale compartment fireexperiments. There are many issues that should b

3、e resolved before such an experimental program isinitiated, and this guide is written with the objective of identifying some of these issues and presentingconsiderations that will affect each choice of procedure.This guide deals with any or all stages of fire growth in a compartment. Whether it is a

4、 single- ormulti-room experiment, observations can be made from ignition to flashover or beyond full-roominvolvement.One major reason for conducting research on room fires is to learn about the room fire buildupprocess so the results of standard fire test methods can be related to performance in ful

5、l-scale roomfires, allowing the further refinement of these test methods or development of new ones.Another reason concerns computer fire modeling. Full-scale tests can generate data needed formodeling. Comparisons of modeling with full-scale test results can serve to validate the model.The various

6、results among room fire tests reflect different experimental conditions. The intent of thisguide is to identify these conditions and discuss their effects so meaningful comparisons can be madeamong the room fire experiments conducted by various organizations.1. Scope1.1 This guide addresses means of

7、 conducting full-scale fireexperiments that evaluate the fire-test-response characteristicsof materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire condi-tions.1.2 It is intended as a guide for the design of the experimentand for the use and interpretation of its results. The guide isalso useful for

8、establishing laboratory conditions that simulatea given set of fire conditions to the greatest extent possible.1.3 This guide allows users to obtain fire-test-responsecharacteristics of materials, products, or assemblies, which areuseful data for describing or appraising their fire performanceunder

9、actual fire conditions.1.3.1 The results of experiments conducted in accordancewith this guide are also useful elements for making regulatorydecisions regarding fire safety requirements. The use forregulatory purposes of data obtained from experiments con-ducted using this guide requires that certai

10、n conditions andcriteria be specified by the regulating authority.1.4 The rationale for conducting room fire experiments inaccordance with this guide is shown in 1.5-1.81.5 Room fire experiments are a means of generating inputdata for computer fire models and for providing output datawith which to c

11、ompare modeling results.1.6 One of the major reasons for conducting room fireexperiments is as an experimental means of assessing thepotential fire hazard associated with the use of a material orproduct in a particular application. This should be borne inmind when designing nonstandard experiments.1

12、.7 A rationale for conducting room fire experiments is thecase when smaller-scale fire tests inadequately represent end-use applications.1.8 Afurther rationale for conducting room fire experimentsis to verify the results obtained with smaller scale tests, tounderstand the scaling parameters for such

13、 tests.1.9 Room fire tests can be placed into four main categories:reconstruction, simulation, research, and standardization.1.10 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorp

14、orate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to es

15、tablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.13 on Large Scale Fire Tests.Current edition appro

16、ved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E 603 - 06e1.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4442 Test Method

17、s for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD 4444 Test Methods for Use and Calibration of Hand-HeldMoisture MetersD 5424 Test Method for Smoke Obscuration of InsulatingMaterials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber CablesWhen Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray Config

18、urationD 5537 Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread,Smoke Obscuration, and Mass Loss Testing of InsulatingMaterials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber CablesWhen Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray ConfigurationE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present o

19、r Gener-ated During FiresE 906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMethodE 1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spread PropertiesE 1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products U

20、sing an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE 1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability ofDeterministic Fire ModelsE 1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-tureE 1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE 1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked ChairsE 2067 Practice f

21、or Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire TestsE 2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMaterials and Assemblies2.2 UL Standards:UL 1715 Room Corner Test3UL Subject 1040 Large Scale Open Corner Test32.3 ICBO Standards:Uniform Building Code Standard UBC 8-2 Standard TestMetho

22、d for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution ofTextile Wallcoverings4Uniform Building Code Standard UBC 26-3 Room Fire TestStandard for Interior of Foam Plastic Systems42.4 FM Standard:FM 4880 Large Scale Open Building Corner Test52.5 ISO Standards:ISO 9705 Fire TestsFull Scale Room Fire Tests for

23、Surface Products6ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary6ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories6GUM, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measure-ment62.6 NFPA Standards:NFPA 265 Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room FireGrowth Contribution of Texti

24、le Wall Coverings7NFPA 286 Standard Method of Tests for Evaluating Contri-bution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room FireGrowth7NFPA 555 Guide on Methods for Evaluating Potential forRoom Flashover72.7 Other Standard:DASMA 107 -98 (03) Room Fire Test Standard for GarageDoors Using Foam Plasti

25、c Insulation83. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guideand associated with fire issues, refer to the terminologycontained in Terminology E 176 and ISO 13943. In case ofconflict, the terminology in Terminology E 176 shall prevail.3.1.1 heat release rate, nthe heat evolve

26、d from thespecimen, per unit of time.3.1.2 oxygen consumption principle, nthe expression ofthe relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released.3.1.3 smoke obscuration, nreduction of light transmissionby smoke, as measured by light attenuation.3.2 Definitions o

27、f Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 full-scale test, na test in which the product(s) to betested is utilized in the same size as in its end use.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIn practical applications, this term isusually applied to tests where the item to be tested is largerthan would fit in a bench-scale t

28、est.3.2.2 total heat released, nintegrated value of the rate ofheat release, for a specified time period.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide does not define a standard room fire test. Itdoes, however, set down many of the considerations for such atest, for example, room size and shape, ventilation, sp

29、ecimendescription, ignition source, instrumentation, and safety con-siderations that must be decided on in the design of a room fireexperiment. It discusses performance criteria for the particulararray of finishing and furnishing products that comprise theroom. The behavior of any particular product

30、 in the roomdepends on the other products and materials present and howthey are arranged in relation to one another.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to

31、the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook,IL 60062.4Available from International Conference of Building Officials, 5360 WorkmanMill Rd. Whittier, CA 90601.5Available from Factory Mutual Research Corporation,

32、1151 Boston-ProvidenceTurnpike, P.O. Box 9102, Norwood, MA 02662.6Available from International Organization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.7Available from National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park,Quincy, MA 02269.8Available from Door and Access System

33、s Manufacturers Association Interna-tional, 1300 Summer Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115-2851.E6030724.2 Whether a particular arrangement simulates the evalua-tion desired depends on the size and location of the ignitionsource. It is therefore important that the ignition sourcesimulate, insofar as possib

34、le, an initiating fire for the desiredscenario.4.3 The main criterion suggested in this guide for evaluatingfire performance is based on the time to flashover as indicatedby the time at which the radiation flux at the center of the floorexceeds 20 kW/m2. Other suggested indicators of flashoverinclud

35、e an average upper air temperature in excess of 600Cand the ignition of a cotton indicator. Other possible perfor-mance criteria include the total amount or rate of smoke andheat production, extent of the flame spread for a low-energyignition source, and size of the primary ignition sourcerequired t

36、o produce flashover.4.3.1 Where multi-room experiments are being conducted,flashover may not be an appropriate performance criteria. Infact, the experiments may have to be conducted beyondflashover. Post-flashover is usually required in the test room inorder to observe high levels of toxic gases and

37、 smoke in remoterooms or flame spread in adjoining surface areas. Otherperformance criteria could be the levels of combustion prod-ucts that impair visibility and cause incapacitation or lethalityin remote rooms.4.4 Primary ignition sources include gas burners, woodcribs, waste containers, and pools

38、 of liquid fuel. Waste con-tainers and wood cribs have the advantage of presenting a solidfuel fire with some feedback effects and a luminous flame thatappears to simulate the burning of furniture. However, the gasburner is the best choice for most fire experiments because ofits reproducibility. The

39、 placement of the ignition source de-pends on the desired effect on the target material.4.5 The instrumentation for measuring burning rate, heatrelease rate, heat flux, temperature, upper layer depth, airvelocity, flame spread, smoke, and gas concentration is dis-cussed, along with suggested locatio

40、ns. A minimum level ofinstrumentation is also suggested.4.6 A typical compartment size is 2.4 by 3.7 m 8 by 12 ft,with a 2.4-m 8-ft high ceiling. A standard-size doorway (0.80by 2.0-m high) should be located in one wall, probably in oneof the shorter ones. The top of the doorway should be at least0.

41、4 m 16 in. down from the ceiling to partially contain smokeand hot gases.4.7 Insofar as possible, the construction details of the walland ceiling, as well as any enclosed insulation, should dupli-cate the room being simulated. Boundary surfaces that do notform the specimen should also be constructed

42、 of materialsconsistent with the room being simulated (see 6.2.3).4.8 The safety of observers and the crew extinguishing thefire is emphasized strongly in this guide.4.9 The analysis of data should include a comparison of thecritical times, heat fluxes, temperatures, heat release rate, andsmoke gene

43、ration in the room with ignition, flame spread, andsmoke properties of the specimen materials. This would aid inthe development or modification of small-scale tests and wouldprovide useful information for assisting in the development ofanalytical room fire models.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guid

44、e provides assistance for planning room firetests. The object of each experiment is to evaluate the role ofa material, product, or system in the fire growth within one ormore compartments.5.2 The relationship between laboratory fire test methodsand actual room fires can be investigated by the use of

45、full-scale and reduced-scale experiments. This guide is aimedat establishing a basis for conducting full-scale experiments forthe study of room fire growth.5.3 Room fire tests can be placed into four main categories:reconstruction, simulation, research and standardization.5.3.1 Reconstruction room f

46、ire tests are full scale replicatesof a fire scene with the geometry, materials, contents, andignition source intended to duplicate a particular scenario. Theusual purpose of such a test is to evaluate what happened orwhat might happen in such a scenario.5.3.2 Simulation room fire tests are comparab

47、le to recon-struction fire tests, except that not all of the parameters areduplicated. A simulated fire test is one in which one or morecomponents of a fire scenario are altered, usually in order tofacilitate conducting the test. The compartment design mustcarefully address geometry and materials of

48、 construction toensure that they do not significantly alter the fire response.Reconstruction and simulation fire tests often have a distinctiveobjective, such as time to flashover, that is related to the natureof the original fire scene.5.3.3 Research room fire tests are conducted in order toelucida

49、te the effects of one or more of the following: geometry,materials, placement of items, ventilation, or other parameters.The measured effects (such as room temperature, heat flux,heat release rate, time to flashover, post flashover conditions)are chosen to provide the most useful information.5.3.4 Standardization room fire tests include scenarios thathave been adopted by a standardization body. In this case, thecompartment, ignition source, instrumentation and the natureof the contents are specified. The purpose of such a test is oftenthe evaluation of a specific fire te