ASTM E603-2012a 1875 Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments《室内火灾试验的标准指南》.pdf

1、Designation: E603 12aAn American National StandardStandard Guide forRoom Fire Experiments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E603; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number

2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide has been written to assist those planning to conduct full-scale compartment fireexperiments. There are many issues that should be

3、resolved before such an experimental program isinitiated, and this guide is written with the objective of identifying some of these issues and presentingconsiderations that will affect each choice of procedure.This guide deals with any or all stages of fire growth in a compartment. Whether it is a s

4、ingle- ormulti-room experiment, observations can be made from ignition to flashover or beyond full-roominvolvement.One major reason for conducting research on room fires is to learn about the room fire buildupprocess so the results of standard fire test methods can be related to performance in full-

5、scale roomfires, allowing the further refinement of these test methods or development of new ones.Another reason concerns computer fire modeling. Full-scale tests can generate data needed formodeling. Comparisons of modeling with full-scale test results can serve to validate the model.The various re

6、sults among room fire tests reflect different experimental conditions. The intent of thisguide is to identify these conditions and discuss their effects so meaningful comparisons can be madeamong the room fire experiments conducted by various organizations.1. Scope1.1 This guide addresses means of c

7、onducting full-scale fireexperiments that evaluate the fire-test-response characteristicsof materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire condi-tions.1.2 It is intended as a guide for the design of the experimentand for the use and interpretation of its results. The guide isalso useful for es

8、tablishing laboratory conditions that simulatea given set of fire conditions to the greatest extent possible.1.3 This guide allows users to obtain fire-test-responsecharacteristics of materials, products, or assemblies, which areuseful data for describing or appraising their fire performanceunder ac

9、tual fire conditions.1.3.1 The results of experiments conducted in accordancewith this guide are also useful elements for making regulatorydecisions regarding fire safety requirements. The use forregulatory purposes of data obtained from experiments con-ducted using this guide requires that certain

10、conditions andcriteria be specified by the regulating authority.1.4 The rationale for conducting room fire experiments inaccordance with this guide is shown in 1.5-1.81.5 Room fire experiments are a means of generating inputdata for computer fire models and for providing output datawith which to com

11、pare modeling results.1.6 One of the major reasons for conducting room fireexperiments is as an experimental means of assessing thepotential fire hazard associated with the use of a material orproduct in a particular application. This should be borne inmind when designing nonstandard experiments.1.7

12、 A rationale for conducting room fire experiments is thecase when smaller-scale fire tests inadequately represent end-use applications.1.8 Afurther rationale for conducting room fire experimentsis to verify the results obtained with smaller scale tests, tounderstand the scaling parameters for such t

13、ests.1.9 Room fire tests can be placed into four main categories:reconstruction, simulation, research, and standardization.1.10 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself1This gu

14、ide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and CombustionProducts.Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E603 - 12. D

15、OI:10.1520/E0603-12A.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions1.11 This standard does

16、 not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stand

17、ards:2D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization andCalibration of Hand-Held Moisture MetersD5424 Test Method for Smoke Obscuration of InsulatingMaterials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber CablesW

18、hen Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray ConfigurationD5537 Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread,Smoke Obscuration, and Mass Loss Testing of InsulatingMaterials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber CablesWhen Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray ConfigurationE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE800

19、Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Gener-ated During FiresE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMethodE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spread PropertiesE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Rele

20、aseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability ofDeterministic Fire ModelsE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-tureE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1822 Test Method for Fire Testing o

21、f Stacked ChairsE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire TestsE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMaterials and Assemblies2.2 UL Standards:3UL 1040 Fire Test of Insulated Wall ConstructionUL 1715 Fire Test of Interior Finish Material2.3 ICBO Standards:4U

22、niform Building Code Standard UBC 8-2 Standard TestMethod for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution ofTextile WallcoveringsUniform Building Code Standard UBC 26-3 Room Fire TestStandard for Interior of Foam Plastic Systems2.4 FM Standard:5FM 4880 Large Scale Open Building Corner Test2.5 ISO Stand

23、ards:6ISO 9705 Fire TestsFull Scale Room Fire Tests forSurface ProductsISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabularyISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration LaboratoriesGUM, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measure-ment2.6 NFPA Standards:7NFPA 265 Methods of Fire Tests

24、for Evaluating Room FireGrowth Contribution of Textile Wall CoveringsNFPA 286 Standard Method of Tests for Evaluating Contri-bution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room FireGrowthNFPA 555 Guide on Methods for Evaluating Potential forRoom Flashover2.7 Other Standard:8DASMA 107 -98 (03) Room Fi

25、re Test Standard for GarageDoors Using Foam Plastic Insulation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide and asso-ciated with fire issues, refer to the terminology contained inTerminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, theterminology in Terminology E176

26、 shall prevail.3.1.2 heat release rate, nthe thermal energy released perunit time by an item during combustion under specifiedconditions.3.1.3 oxygen consumption principle, nthe expression ofthe relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released.3.1.4 smoke obscu

27、ration, nreduction of light transmissionby smoke, as measured by light attenuation.3.1.5 total heat released, nintegrated value of the rate ofheat release, for a specified time period.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 full-scale test, na test in which the product(s) to beteste

28、d is utilized in the same size as in its end use.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIn practical applications, this term isusually applied to tests where the item to be tested is largerthan would fit in a bench-scale test.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide does not define a standard room fire test. Itdoes, however, s

29、et down many of the considerations for such a2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from

30、Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook,IL 60062.4Available from International Conference of Building Officials, 5360 WorkmanMill Rd. Whittier, CA 90601.5Available from Factory Mutual Research Corporation, 1151 Boston-ProvidenceTurnpike, P.O. Box 9102, Norwood, MA 02662.6Avail

31、able from International Organization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.7Available from National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park,Quincy, MA 02269.8Available from Door and Access Systems Manufacturers Association Interna-tional, 1300 Summer Avenue, Clevela

32、nd, OH 44115-2851.E603 12a2test, for example, room size and shape, ventilation, specimendescription, ignition source, instrumentation, and safety con-siderations that must be decided on in the design of a room fireexperiment. It discusses performance criteria for the particulararray of finishing and

33、 furnishing products that comprise theroom. The behavior of any particular product in the roomdepends on the other products and materials present and howthey are arranged in relation to one another.4.2 Whether a particular arrangement simulates the evalua-tion desired depends on the size and locatio

34、n of the ignitionsource. It is therefore important that the ignition sourcesimulate, insofar as possible, an initiating fire for the desiredscenario.4.3 The main criterion suggested in this guide for evaluatingfire performance is based on the time to flashover as indicatedby the time at which the ra

35、diation flux at the center of the floorexceeds 20 kW/m2. Other suggested indicators of flashoverinclude an average upper air temperature in excess of 600Cand the ignition of a cotton indicator. Other possible perfor-mance criteria include the total amount or rate of smoke andheat production, extent

36、of the flame spread for a low-energyignition source, and size of the primary ignition sourcerequired to produce flashover.4.3.1 Where multi-room experiments are being conducted,flashover may not be an appropriate performance criteria. Infact, the experiments may have to be conducted beyondflashover.

37、 Post-flashover is usually required in the test room inorder to observe high levels of toxic gases and smoke in remoterooms or flame spread in adjoining surface areas. Otherperformance criteria could be the levels of combustion prod-ucts that impair visibility and cause incapacitation or lethalityin

38、 remote rooms.4.4 Primary ignition sources include gas burners, woodcribs, waste containers, and pools of liquid fuel. Waste con-tainers and wood cribs have the advantage of presenting a solidfuel fire with some feedback effects and a luminous flame thatappears to simulate the burning of furniture.

39、However, the gasburner is the best choice for most fire experiments because ofits reproducibility. The placement of the ignition source de-pends on the desired effect on the target material.4.5 The instrumentation for measuring burning rate, heatrelease rate, heat flux, temperature, upper layer dept

40、h, airvelocity, flame spread, smoke, and gas concentration is dis-cussed, along with suggested locations. A minimum level ofinstrumentation is also suggested.4.6 A typical compartment size is 2.4 by 3.7 m 8 by 12 ft,with a 2.4-m 8-ft high ceiling. A standard-size doorway (0.80by 2.0-m high) should b

41、e located in one wall, probably in oneof the shorter ones. The top of the doorway should be at least0.4 m 16 in. down from the ceiling to partially contain smokeand hot gases.4.7 Insofar as possible, the construction details of the walland ceiling, as well as any enclosed insulation, should dupli-ca

42、te the room being simulated. Boundary surfaces that do notform the specimen should also be constructed of materialsconsistent with the room being simulated (see 6.2.3).4.8 The safety of observers and the crew extinguishing thefire is emphasized strongly in this guide.4.9 The analysis of data should

43、include a comparison of thecritical times, heat fluxes, temperatures, heat release rate, andsmoke generation in the room with ignition, flame spread, andsmoke properties of the specimen materials. This would aid inthe development or modification of small-scale tests and wouldprovide useful informati

44、on for assisting in the development ofanalytical room fire models.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide provides assistance for planning room firetests. The object of each experiment is to evaluate the role ofa material, product, or system in the fire growth within one ormore compartments.5.2 The re

45、lationship between laboratory fire test methodsand actual room fires can be investigated by the use offull-scale and reduced-scale experiments. This guide is aimedat establishing a basis for conducting full-scale experiments forthe study of room fire growth.5.3 Room fire tests can be placed into fou

46、r main categories:reconstruction, simulation, research and standardization.5.3.1 Reconstruction room fire tests are full scale replicatesof a fire scene with the geometry, materials, contents, andignition source intended to duplicate a particular scenario. Theusual purpose of such a test is to evalu

47、ate what happened orwhat might happen in such a scenario.5.3.2 Simulation room fire tests are comparable to recon-struction fire tests, except that not all of the parameters areduplicated. A simulated fire test is one in which one or morecomponents of a fire scenario are altered, usually in order to

48、facilitate conducting the test. The compartment design mustcarefully address geometry and materials of construction toensure that they do not significantly alter the fire response.Reconstruction and simulation fire tests often have a distinctiveobjective, such as time to flashover, that is related t

49、o the natureof the original fire scene.5.3.3 Research room fire tests are conducted in order toelucidate the effects of one or more of the following: geometry,materials, placement of items, ventilation, or other parameters.The measured effects (such as room temperature, heat flux,heat release rate, time to flashover, post flashover conditions)are chosen to provide the most useful information.5.3.4 Standardization room fire tests include scenarios thathave been adopted by a standardization body. In this case, thecompartment, ignition source, instrumentation and the natur